Análise da carga interna e externa em pára-quedistas chilenos de elite durante uma competição
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108954Palavras-chave:
Energy expenditure, heart rate monitoring, accelerometry, exercise nutrition physiologyResumo
No paraquedismo, a monitorização da carga externa e interna é essencial para estabelecer as exigências energéticas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a carga interna e externa realizada pela seleção chilena de paraquedismo durante um campeonato nacional. Foi realizado um estudo não experimental, transversal e descritivo com a participação de seis paraquedistas chilenos de elite do sexo masculino (32,0 ± 3,2 anos). A composição corporal foi avaliada por impedância bioelétrica (BIA); A carga interna foi analisada a partir da monitorização da frequência cardíaca e a carga externa a partir da acelerometria. Os resultados mostraram que os paraquedistas apresentavam uma massa livre de gordura de 61,3 ± 4,5 kg (representando 80,1 ± 2,3%), enquanto a massa gorda era de 15,3 ± 2,5 kg (equivalente a 19 ,9 ± 2,3%). A sua massa muscular media 34,8 ± 2,8 kg (representando 45,5 ± 1,5%). Além disso, os paraquedistas realizaram 76,4 ± 13,1 minutos de atividade física moderada a vigorosa por dia, com uma contagem diária de passos de 11.040 ± 2.202. A frequência cardíaca média durante a competição foi de 104,0 ± 14,0 bpm. Conclui-se que a atividade física realizada pelos paraquedistas durante a competição se situou principalmente na faixa de intensidade ligeira a moderada, o que realça a ênfase técnica do desporto acima das suas exigências físicas.
Palavras-chave: Gasto energético, monitorização da frequência cardíaca, acelerometria, fisiologia da nutrição do exercício
Referências
Aandstad, A., Holtberget, K., Hageberg, R., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014). Validity and reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in predicting body fat in military personnel. Military Medicine, 179(2), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00545
Ainslie, P., Reilly, T., & Westerterp, K. (2003). Estimating human energy expenditure: a review of techniques with particu-lar reference to doubly labelled water. Sports Medicine, 33(9), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333090-00004
Arieli, R., & Constantini, N. (2012). Energy balance among female athletes Harefuah, 151(2), 82–128.
Bahr, R., Ingnes, I., Vaage, O., Sejersted, O. M., & Newsholme, E. A. (1987). Effect of duration of exercise on excess postexercise O2 consumption. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 62(2), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.485
Barthel, C., Halvachizadeh, S., Gamble, J. G., Pape, H. C., & Rauer, T. (2023). Recreational Skydiving-Really That Dan-gerous? A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021254
Braun, W. A., Hawthorne, W. E., & Markofski, M. M. (2005). Acute EPOC response in women to circuit training and treadmill exercise of matched oxygen consumption. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(5-6), 500–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1383-7
Brinkmans, N., Plasqui, G., van Loon, L., & van Dijk, J. W. (2024). Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional female football players in the Dutch Women's League: Implications for nutritional counselling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 42(4), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2329850
Costello, N., Deighton, K., Preston, T., Matu, J., Rowe, J., Sawczuk, T., Halkier, M., Read, D. B., Weaving, D., & Jones, B. (2018). Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water. Euro-pean Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(6), 1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3846-7
Cruz Marcos, S. D. L., Silleras, M., Camina Martín, M., Carreño Enciso, L., Miján de la Torre, A., Galgani, J. E., & Redon-do del Río, M. (2015). Concordancia entre calorimetría indirecta y modelos predictivos en una población sana española. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 32(2), 888-896. https://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.32.2.9162
Dávalos-Ibañez, A., Barrios-Gómez, E. M., Sánchez-Hernández, E., Rocha-López, L., & Viveros-Gómez, M. A. (2017). Ensayo clínico del gasto energético de alumnas de la Escuela Militar de Enfermeras: una comparación de métodos. Re-vista de Sanidad Militar, 70(3), 260-264.
DeGroot, D. W., Quinn, T. J., Kertzer, R., Vroman, N. B., & Olney, W. B. (1998). Circuit weight training in cardiac pa-tients: determining optimal workloads for safety and energy expenditure. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 18(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199803000-00008
Deitrick, R. W., Holmes, D. L., & Murphy, M. (1985). Physiological characteristics of elite sport parachutists. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 56(4), 351–357.
Ekelund, U., Sjöström, M., Yngve, A., Poortvliet, E., Nilsson, A., Froberg, K., Wedderkopp, N., & Westerterp, K. (2001). Physical activity assessed by activity monitor and doubly labeled water in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(2), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200102000-00017
Ekelund, U., Tomkinson, G., & Armstrong, N. (2011). What proportion of youth are physically active? Measurement is-sues, levels and recent time trends. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 859–865. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090190
Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Westerterp, K., & Sjöström, M. (2002). Energy expenditure assessed by heart rate and doubly labeled water in young athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(8), 1360–1366. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200208000-00019
Ellis, D. G., Morton, J. P., Close, G. L., & Donovan, T. F. (2024). Energy Expenditure of Elite Male and Female Profes-sional Tennis Players During Habitual Training. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 34(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0197
Esliger, D. W., Rowlands, A. V., Hurst, T. L., Catt, M., Murray, P., & Eston, R. G. (2011). Validation of the GENEA Accelerometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(6), 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820513be
Frączek, B., Grzelak, A., & Klimek, A. T. (2019). Analysis of Daily Energy Expenditure of Elite Athletes in Relation to their Sport, the Measurement Method and Energy Requirement Norms. Journal of Human Kinetics, 70, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0049
Gómez-Carmona, C. D., Bastida-Castillo, A., Ibáñez, S. J., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). Accelerometry as a method for exter-nal workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PloS One, 15(8), e0236643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236643
Hallal, P. C., Reichert, F. F., Clark, V. L., Cordeira, K. L., Menezes, A. M., Eaton, S., Ekelund, U., & Wells, J. C. (2013). Energy expenditure compared to physical activity measured by accelerometry and self-report in adolescents: a validation study. PloS One, 8(11), e77036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077036
Harris JA, Benedict FG. (1918). A biometric study of human basal metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 4(12):370–3. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.4.12.370.
Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C., Lindsay, F. H., & Noakes, T. D. (1995). Nutritional practices of athletes: are they sub-optimal?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13 Spec No, S75–S81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732280
Herrera-Amante, C. A., Ramos-García, C. O., Alacid, F., Quiroga-Morales, L. A., Martínez-Rubio, A. J., & Bonilla, D. A. (2021). Development of alternatives to estimate resting metabolic rate from anthropometric variables in paralympic swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(18), 2133–2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1922175
Hill, R. J., & Davies, P. S. (2001). Energy expenditure during 2 wk of an ultra-endurance run around Australia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200101000-00022
Hoos, M. B., Plasqui, G., Gerver, W. J., & Westerterp, K. R. (2003). Physical activity level measured by doubly labeled water and accelerometry in children. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(6), 624–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0891-6
Jagim AR, Camic CL, Kisiolek J, Luedke J, Erickson J, Jones MT, et al (2018). Accuracy of resting metabolic rate predic-tion equations in athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(7):1875–81. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002111.
Johnson, R. K., Russ, J., & Goran, M. I. (1998). Physical activity related energy expenditure in children by doubly labeled water as compared with the Caltrac accelerometer. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: Jour-nal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22(11), 1046–1052. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800723
Kapri, E.; Dey, S.; Mehta, M.; Deshpande, N.; Zemková, E (2023). Analysis of Daily Activity Pattern to Estimate the Physi-cal Activity Level and Energy Expenditure of Elite and Non-Elite Athletes. Appl. Sci. 13, 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052763
Kelleher, A. R., Hackney, K. J., Fairchild, T. J., Keslacy, S., & Ploutz-Snyder, L. L. (2010). The metabolic costs of recip-rocal supersets vs. traditional resistance exercise in young recreationally active adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d3e993
Kim, N., & Park, J. (2023). Total energy expenditure of collision team sports players measured using doubly labeled water: a systematic review. Physical Activity and Nutrition, 27(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2023.0009
Koehler, K., & Drenowatz, C. (2017). Monitoring Energy Expenditure Using a Multi-Sensor Device-Applications and Limi-tations of the SenseWear Armband in Athletic Populations. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00983
Lipert, A., & Jegier, A. (2009). Measurement of physical activity. Med Sport, 3(6), 155-68.
Loucks A. B. (2004). Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140518
Machado, T., Serrano, J., Pino-Ortega, J., Silveira, P., Antúnez, A., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2022). Analysis of the Objective Inter-nal Load in Portuguese Skydivers in the First Jump of the Day. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22(9), 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093298
Marra, M., Montagnese, C., Sammarco, R., Amato, V., Della Valle, E., Franzese, A., Contaldo, F., & Pasanisi, F. (2015). Accuracy of predictive equations for estimating resting energy expenditure in obese adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(6), 1390–6.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.013
Melby CL, Schmidt WD, Corrigan D. (1990). Resting metabolic rate in weight-cycling collegiate wrestlers compared with physically active, noncycling control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr., 52(3):409–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.3.409.
Meyer, V. J., Lee, Y., Böttger, C., Leonbacher, U., Allison, A. L., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2015). Experience, cortisol reactivity, and the coordination of emotional responses to skydiving. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00138
Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO (1990). A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr., 51(2):241–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.2.241.
Migueles, J. H., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Ekelund, U., Delisle Nyström, C., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Löf, M., Labayen, I., Ruiz, J. R., & Ortega, F. B. (2017). Accelerometer Data Collection and Processing Criteria to Assess Physical Activity and Other Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Practical Considerations. Sports Medicine, 47(9), 1821–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0716-0
Ndahimana, D., & Kim, E. K. (2017). Measurement Methods for Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: a Review. Clin-ical Nutrition Research, 6(2), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2017.6.2.68
Owen, O. E., Holup, J. L., D’Alessio, D. A., Craig, E. S., Polansky, M., Smalley, K. J., Kavle, E. C., Bushman, M. C., Owen, L. R., & Mozzoli, M. A. (1987). A reappraisal of the caloric requirements of men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46(6), 875–885. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/46.6.875
Poehlman ET, Melby CL, Badylak SF. (1988). Resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis in highly trained and untrained males. Am J Clin Nutr., 47(5):793–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/47.5.793.
Ribeyre, J., Fellmann, N., Montaurier, C., Delaître, M., Vernet, J., Coudert, J., & Vermorel, M. (2000). Daily energy expenditure and its main components as measured by whole-body indirect calorimetry in athletic and non-athletic ado-lescents. The British Journal of Nutrition, 83(4), 355–362.
Sasaki, J. E., John, D., & Freedson, P. S. (2011). Validation and comparison of ActiGraph activity monitors. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(5), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.003
Schofield W. N. (1985). Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Human Nutrition. Clin-ical Nutrition, 39 Suppl 1, 5–41.
Scott, C. B., Littlefield, N. D., Chason, J. D., Bunker, M. P., & Asselin, E. M. (2006). Differences in oxygen uptake but equivalent energy expenditure between a brief bout of cycling and running. Nutrition & Metabolism, 3, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-3-1
Strath, S. J., Kaminsky, L. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Ekelund, U., Freedson, P. S., Gary, R. A., Richardson, C. R., Smith, D. T., Swartz, A. M., & American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardi-ometabolic Health and Cardiovascular, Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council (2013). Guide to the assessment of physical activity: Clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 128(20), 2259–2279. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da
TEisenmann, J. C., Welk, G. J., Wickel, E. E., & Blair, S. N. (2007). Combined influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8–18-year-old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity : IJPO : an official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160601133713
Trappe, T. A., Gastaldelli, A., Jozsi, A. C., Troup, J. P., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997). Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(7), 950–954. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199707000-00015
Van Hees, V. T., Renström, F., Wright, A., Gradmark, A., Catt, M., Chen, K. Y., Löf, M., Bluck, L., Pomeroy, J., Ware-ham, N. J., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., & Franks, P. W. (2011). Estimation of daily energy expenditure in pregnant and non-pregnant women using a wrist-worn tri-axial accelerometer. PloS One, 6(7), e22922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022922
Westerterp K. R. (2001). Limits to sustainable human metabolic rate. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 204(Pt 18), 3183–3187. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.18.3183
Westerterp K. R. (2013). Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: measurement, de-terminants, and effects. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00090
Westerterp, K. R., Saris, W. H., van Es, M., & ten Hoor, F. (1986). Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61(6), 2162–2167. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2162
White, T., Westgate, K., Wareham, N. J., & Brage, S. (2016). Estimation of Physical Activity Energy Expenditure during Free-Living from Wrist Accelerometry in UK Adults. PloS One, 11(12), e0167472. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167472
World Health Organization. (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Con-sultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 724:1–206.
World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical re-search involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R., Alvear-Ordenes, I., Vargas-Silva, J., Hernández-Jaña, S., Olivares-Arancibia, J., & Tuesta, M. (2021). Características de Composición Corporal, Ángulo de Fase y Agua Corporal en Paracaidistas Chilenos de Elite. Internation-al Journal of Morphology, 39(6), 1564-1569. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022021000601564
Zakowski B, Wagner I, Domzalski M. Analysis of a Military Parachutist Injury - A Retrospective Review of Over 37,000 Landings‡ [published correction appears in Mil Med. 2019 Mar 1;184(3-4):112. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usy416]. Mil Med. 2019;184(1-2):e261-e265. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy315
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
