La rehabilitación física y sus avances con realidad virtual: una revisión sistemática (Physical rehabilitation and its advances with virtual reality: a systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.109195Palabras clave:
Realidad virtual, Rehabilitación física, Función motora, Eficacia terapéutica, Innovación tecnológicaResumen
La rehabilitación física (RF) es crucial para tratar y recuperar a pacientes con discapacidades motoras causadas por condiciones como accidentes cerebrovasculares y lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Las técnicas convencionales de RF tienen limitaciones en accesibilidad, motivación del paciente y personalización del tratamiento. La realidad virtual (RV) ha emergido como una herramienta prometedora que puede transformar la RF mediante la creación de entornos inmersivos y personalizados, incrementando la motivación del paciente y proporcionando datos precisos sobre su progreso.
Este estudio se realizó como una revisión sistemática de la literatura reciente (2015-2023) para evaluar la eficacia de la RV en la RF. Se siguieron las directrices PRISMA, abarcando estudios controlados aleatorizados y ensayos clínicos en Scopus y PubMed. Los análisis incluyeron la Escala de Jadad para evaluar la calidad metodológica, la herramienta Cochrane para el riesgo de sesgo y GRADE para la calidad de la evidencia. La guía de JAMA se aplicó a estudios observacionales para evaluar la validez interna y externa.
Los resultados mostraron que la RV mejora significativamente la función motora, flexibilidad, coordinación, movilidad y calidad de vida comparada con la rehabilitación convencional. La mayoría de los estudios obtuvo altas puntuaciones en la Escala de Jadad y una calidad moderada a alta según GRADE, indicando solidez en la evidencia. Sin embargo, se identificaron limitaciones como la heterogeneidad de los estudios y la falta de cegamiento. Se concluye que la RV tiene el potencial de revolucionar la RF, mejorando los resultados terapéuticos y la calidad de vida de los pacientes.
Palabras clave: Realidad virtual, Rehabilitación física, Función motora, Eficacia terapéutica, Innovación tecnológica
Abstract. Physical rehabilitation (PR) is crucial to treat and recover patients with motor disabilities caused by conditions such as stroke and musculoskeletal injuries. Conventional PR techniques have limitations in accessibility, patient motivation, and treatment customization. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool that can transform PR by creating immersive and personalized environments, increasing patient motivation, and providing accurate data on their progress.
This study was conducted as a systematic review of recent literature (2015-2023) to assess the efficacy of VR in PR. PRISMA guidelines were followed, covering randomized controlled studies and clinical trials in Scopus and PubMed. Analyses included the Jadad Scale to assess methodological quality, the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, and GRADE for quality of evidence. The JAMA guideline was applied to observational studies to assess internal and external validity.
The results showed that VR significantly improves motor function, flexibility, coordination, mobility and quality of life compared to conventional rehabilitation. Most studies obtained high scores on the Jadad Scale and moderate to high quality according to GRADE, indicating strength of evidence. However, limitations such as heterogeneity of the studies and lack of blinding were identified. It is concluded that VR has the potential to revolutionize RF, improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life of patients.
Keywords: Virtual reality, Physical rehabilitation, Motor function, Therapeutic efficacy, Technological innovation
Citas
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