Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in sport organizations: scale development and validation, pilot study

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.101720

Keywords:

clubes deportivos (sports clubs), Elaboración y validación de escalas (development and validation of scales), modelos de medición (measurement model), responsabilidad social corporativa (corporate social responsibility)

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility seeks to respond to the needs of interest groups through guidelines and standards and provide a solution to the environmental, social, and economic impacts of companies to the environmental, social, and economic impacts of companies. Therefore, this research aimed to design and validate a measurement scale of Corporate Social Responsibility in sports organizations. The sample consisted of 140 leaders of Colombian sports leagues and clubs. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis technique through Software R validated four dimensions: 1) corporate governance, 2) human capital, 3) external stakeholders, and 4) the Impact of CSR.The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach alpha coefficient (α =.901). The study contributes to the scientific knowledge on the psychometric properties of instruments and this is a reference for instruments and for further studies on corporate social responsibility in the sports sector. Finally, we provide a scale that researchers and the academic community can use. Also, has practical and theoretical implications for stakeholders. In conclusion, the questionnaire is valid, reliable, and robust, with adequate psychometric properties.

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Sports clubs, Development and validation of scales, Measurement model.

Author Biographies

Ingrid Fonseca , Universidad Pedagógica Nacional (Colombia)

Doctora en administración gerencial, magíster en administración deportiva, magíster
en educación superior, profesional en ciencias de la educación, miembro del GrupLAC
Ambientes de aprendizaje categoría A, con experiencia laboral en docencia universitaria en las
asignaturas de opción de grado, investigación en el énfasis y administración deportiva, aplicación y evaluación de proyectos de investigación en el campo
educativo. 

Carlos Cabanzo , Universidad Pedagógica Nacional (Colombia)

Magíster en Investigación Social Interdisciplinaria -Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas-; Especialista Entornos Virtuales-OEI y Virtual Educa-, Especialista en Investigación Consumo de alcohol y sustancias psicoactivas – Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil-. Politólogo Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Publicaciones en Responsabilidad social Universitaria; Percepciones y representaciones sociales (consumo de SPA, Ocio y tiempo libre). 

References

Anagnostopoulos, C., Winand, M., Papadimitriou, D., & Zeimers, G. (2022). Implementing corporate social respon-sibility through charitable foundations in professional football: The role of trustworthiness. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2096672

Babiak, K., & Wolfe, R. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility in professional sport: Internal and external factors. Journal of sport management, 23(6), 717-742. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.6.717

Babiak, K., & Yang, D. (2022). Team Ownership and Philanthropy in Professional Sport: A Perspective on Organiza-tional Generosity. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.798919

Bearden, W. O., Hardesty, D. M., & Rose, R. L. (2001). Consumer self-confidence: Refinements in conceptualization and measurement. Journal of consumer research, 28(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1086/321951

Breitbarth, T., Walzel, S., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Van Eekeren, F. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and gov-ernance in sport:“Oh, the things you can find, if you don’t stay behind!”. Corporate Governance, 15(2), 254-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2015-0025

Behnam, M., Anagnostopoulos, C., Byers, T., & Papadimitriou, D. A. (2021). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on value-in-use through customer engagement in non-profit sports clubs: The moderating role of co-production. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23,1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1929375

Blumrodt, J., Desbordes, M., & Bodin, D. (2013). Professional football clubs and corporate social responsibil-ity. Sport, business and management: an international journal,3(3), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-04-2011-0050

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in public health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149

Cabanzo Carreño, C. J. (2022). University social responsibility, management and educational policies: A critical dis-course analysis. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 13(4), 1–17.https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4048

Carlini, J., Pavlidis, A., Thomson, A., & Morrison, C. (2021). Delivering on social good-corporate social responsibility and professional sport: a systematic quantitative literature review. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2021.1881147

Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication methods and measures, 12(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583

Chiu, W., Cho, H. & Won, D. (2023), "The knowledge structure of corporate social responsibility in sport manage-ment: a retrospective bibliometric analysis", International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 24 (4), 771-792. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2022-0178

Cobourn, S., & Frawley, S. (2017). CSR in professional sport: An examination of community models. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2017.1402694

Correa, M; Flynn, S & Amit, A (2004). CEPAL. Responsabilidad social corporativa en América Latina: una visión empresarial. División de Desarrollo Sostenible y Asentamientos Humanos. Santiago de Chile.

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868

Fonseca, I., Bernate, J., & Perez, C. (2022a). Modelos de responsabilidad social corporativa en el sector deporte. Una revisión sistemática (Models of corporate social responsibility in the sports sector. A systematic Review). Retos, 43, 1106–1115. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.87911

Fonseca, I., Bernate, J., & Tuay, D. (2022b). La responsabilidad social corporativa y los eventos deportivos. Una revi-sión sistemática de la producción científica. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 11, 8. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.470131

Freeman, R. E., Phillips, R., & Sisodia, R. (2018). Tensions in stakeholder theory. Business & Society, 59(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318773750

García, R. F., & Llorente, C. (2009). Responsabilidad social corporativa. Una estrategia para conseguir imagen y repu-tación. Icono, 14(13), 95-124. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v7i2.319

Guevara, J. C., Sandino, M. C., Gómez, S. A.., & Urdaneta, R. (2023). La Agenda 2030 y las prácticas de responsabi-lidad social corporativa en las federaciones deportivas colombianas (The 2030 Agenda and corporate social respon-sibility practices in Colombian sports federations). Retos, 48, 450–460. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.96804

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R., (2006). Multivariate data analysis, (6a ed.). Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hoeber, L., Doherty, A., Hoeber, O., & Wolfe, R. (2015). The nature of innovation in community sport organiza-tions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(5), 518-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1085070

Inoue, Y., Funk, D. C., & McDonald, H. (2017). Predicting behavioral loyalty through corporate social responsibility: The mediating role of involvement and commitment. Journal of business research, 75, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.02.005

Jamali, D. R., El Dirani, A. M., & Harwood, I. A. (2015). Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: The CSR-HRM co-creation model. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12085

Lafit, K. F. (2018). The development and validation of stakeholder-based scale for measuring university social respon-sibility (URS). Social indicators research, 140(2), 511-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1794-y

Li, T., Hao, L., Kubiczek, J., & Pietrzyk, A. (2022). Corporate social responsibility of sports club in the era of corona-virus pandemic. Zagłębie Sosnowiec case study. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 2073-2092. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1932547

López, A., Ojeda, J., & Ríos, M., (2017). La responsabilidad social empresarial desde la percepción del capital hu-mano. Estudio de un caso.Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 20 (1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2016.01.001 1

López, R., & Fernández, J. (2020). Fútbol responsable, guía práctica para implantar la RSE en los clubes españoles. Editorial Reus

Mamo, Y., James, J. D., & Andrew, D. P. (2022). Consumer perceptions of sport sponsor’s corporate social responsi-bility activities. Journal of Global Sport Management, 7(1), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1561207

McCullough, B. P., & Trail, G. T. (2022). Assessing key performance indicators of corporate social responsibility initiatives in sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2033808

McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E., & Nguyen, S. N. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096251

Millington, R., Giles, A. R., van Luijk, N., & Hayhurst, L. M. (2022). Sport for sustainability? The extractives industry, sport, and sustainable development. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(3), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723521991413

Montazeri, A., Talebpour, M., Andam, R., & Kazemnejad, A. (2017). Measuring corporate social responsibility in sport industry: Development and validation of measurement scale. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 5(2), 97-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.5.2.97

Moyo, T., Knott, B., & Duffett, R. (2021). Exploring the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the marketing performance of professional sport organisations in South Africa. Sport in Society, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1945035

Moyo, T., Duffett, R., & Knott, B. (2022). An Analysis of Cause-Related and Social Marketing Strategies in the South African Sport Management Industry. SAGE Open, 12(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221108181

Ramos, J., Arias, A. M., Gómez, J. H., Ordoñez, N., & Carrillo, R. L. (2022). Gobernanza y legitimidad en las fede-raciones deportivas colombianas (Governance and legitimacy in Colombian sports federations). Retos, 45, 851–859. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.89338

Sánchez -Sáez, J. A. (2017). Percepción de la responsabilidad social corporativa de los stakeholders en eventos depor-tivos: la ruta de las fortalezas. (Tesis de doctorado) Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, España.

Sánchez-Sáez, J. A., Segado Segado, F., Calabuig-Moreno, F., & Gallardo Guerrero, A. M. (2020). Measuring resi-dents’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility at small-and medium-sized sports events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238798

Sánchez-Sáez, J. A. (2022). Eventos deportivos socialmente responsables: Una vía sostenible de gestión. SIGNUM: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Eventos, Protocolo y Relaciones Institucionales, 1(1), 65-69.

Sung, M., & Lee, W. (2016). What makes an effective CSR program? An analysis of the constructs of a cause related participant sport sponsorship event. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17 (1), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms022016004

Velte, P. (2022). Meta-analyses on corporate social responsibility (RSC): a literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 72(3), 627-675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00211-2

Trendafiova, S., Ziakas, V., & Sparvero, E. (2017). Linking corporate social responsibility in sport with community development: An added source of community value. Sport in Society, 20(7), 938-956.3 https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1221935

Toukabri, M., & Toukabri, M. (2023). Football industry accounting as a social and organizational practice: from the implementation of the CSR process to integrated reporting. Systemic practice and action research, 36(5), 725-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-022-09621-z

Urdaneta, M. J. (2014). Modelo de gestión de la responsabilidad social para las empresas del sector petrolero venezo-lano. (Tesis de doctorado) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. España.

Uribe, M. (2018). Modelo de gestión de la responsabilidad social empresarial en el ámbito de los proyectos, enfocado al sector construcción. (Tesis de doctorado en gerencia de proyectos) Universidad EAN, Colombia.

Zaman, R., Jain, T., Samara, G., & Jamali, D. (2022). Gobierno corporativo meets corporate social responsibility: Mapping the interface. Business & Society, 61(3), 690-752. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320973415

Zeimers, G., Anagnostopoulos, C., Zintz, T., & Willem, A. (2019). Organisational learning for corporate social re-sponsibility in sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(1), 80-101.

Published

2024-04-01

How to Cite

Fonseca, I., Bernate, J., & Cabanzo, C. (2024). Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in sport organizations: scale development and validation, pilot study. Retos, 53, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.101720

Issue

Section

Original Research Article

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>