Nutrición y ejercicio físico, una considerable propuesta de ayuda no farmacológica ante el COVID-19 (Nutrition and exercise, a considerable proposal for non-pharmacological help against COVID-19)

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.91455

Palabras clave:

COVID-19, Nutrición, Ejercicio físico, Ayuda no farmacológica, (COVID-19; Nutrition; Exercise; non-pharmacological help)

Resumen

 

La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 es una enfermedad infecciosa que se identificó por primera vez en la ciudad de Wuhan en China. Hasta la fecha, la obesidad sarcopénica y la desnutrición proteica-energética mantienen una estrecha asociación con la aparición de formas graves de COVID-19, por lo que la presente revisión se centra en la importancia de una alimentación y ejercicio físico adecuados con el objetivo de disminuir la severidad de las infecciones por COVID-19 y de qué forma estos confluyen para complementar tratamientos médicos. Un exceso de grasa corporal y la aparición de desnutrición, nos mantienen más vulnerables a contraer la enfermedad por coronavirus; una pandemia de gran magnitud que, para distintas organizaciones internacionales de salud, se encuentra vinculada a dos tópicos centrales: La nutrición y el ejercicio físico. El desarrollo y aplicación de nuevas intervenciones nutricionales y de ejercicio es requerida con urgencia con el objetivo de no solo reducir la obesidad, desnutrición y sarcopenia adquiridos durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus sino también para brotes virales que posiblemente puedan acontecer a futuro. 

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease that was first identified in the city of Wuhan in China. To date, sarcopenic obesity and protein-energy malnutrition maintain a close association with the appearance of severe forms of COVID-19, so this review focuses on the importance of adequate nutrition and physical exercise to reduce the severity COVID-19 infections and how they come together to complement medical treatments. An excess of body fat and the appearance of malnutrition, keep us more vulnerable to contracting the coronavirus disease; a pandemic of great magnitude that, for different international health organizations, is linked to two central topics: nutrition and physical exercise. The development and application of new nutritional and exercise interventions is urgently required with the aim of not only reducing obesity, malnutrition and sarcopenia acquired during the coronavirus disease pandemic but also for viral outbreaks that may possibly occur in the future.

Biografía del autor/a

Antonio Castillo-Paredes , Universidad de Las Américas

Académico de planta de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física de la Universidad de Las Américas.

Citas

Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (2020). Recomendaciones de alimentación y nutrición para la población española ante la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19. http://www.academianutricionydietetica.org/noticia.php?id=113

ACSM (2020). Staying Active During the Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.exerciseismedicine.org/assets/page_documents/EIM_Rx%20for%20Health_%20Staying%20Active%20During%20Coronavirus%20Pandemic.pdf

Aghili, S. M. M., Ebrahimpur, M., Arjmand, B., Shadman, Z., Sani, M. P., Qorbani, M., Larijani, B., & Payab, M. (2021). Obesity in COVID-19 era, implications for mechanisms, comorbidities, and prognosis: a review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 45(5), 998-1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-

-00776-8

Alawna, M., Amro, M., & Mohamed, A. A. (2020). Aerobic exercises recommendations and specifications for patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 24(24), 13049–13055. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202012_24211

Alkhatib, A. (2020). Antiviral functional foods and exercise lifestyle prevention of coronavirus. Nutrients, 12(9), 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092633

Akhtar, S., Das, J. K., Ismail, T., Wahid, M., Saeed, W., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2021). Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Nutrition Reviews, 79(3), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063

Ali, N., Fariha, K. A., Islam, F., Mohanto, N. C., Ahmad, I., Hosen, M. J., & Ahmed, S. (2021). Assessment of the role of zinc in the prevention of COVID‐19 infections and mortality: A retrospective study in the Asian and European population. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(7), 4326-4333. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26932

Alasalvar, C., Salvadó, J. S., & Ros, E. (2020). Bioactives and health benefits of nuts and dried fruits. Food Chemistry, 314, 126192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126192

Allard, L., Ouedraogo, E., Molleville, J., Bihan, H., Giroux-Leprieur, B., Sutton, A., Baudry, C., Josse, C., Didier, M., Deutsch, D., Bouchaud, O., & Cosson, E. (2020). Malnutrition: Percentage and Association with Prognosis in Patients Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Nutrients, 12(12), 3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123679

Allison, D. B., Downey, M., Atkinson, R. L., Billington, C. J., Bray, G. A., Eckel, R. H., Finkelstein, E., Jensen, M., & Tremblay, A. (2008). Obesity as a disease: a white paper on evidence and arguments commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society. Obesity, 16(6), 1161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18464753/

Andersson, A., Nälsén, C., Tengblad, S., & Vessby, B. (2002). Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(6), 1222-1229. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1222

Angelidi, A. M., Kokkinos, A., Katechaki, E., Ros, E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2021). Mediterranean diet as a nutritional approach for COVID-19. Metabolism, 114, 154407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154407

ASN (2020). Making Health and Nutrition a Priority During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. https://nutrition.org/making-health-and-nutrition-a-priority-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic/

Astrup, A., & Hjorth, M. F. (2017). Low-fat or low carb for weight loss? It depends on your glucose metabolism. EBioMedicine, 22, 20-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.001

Atkins, J. L., Masoli, J. A., Delgado, J., Pilling, L. C., Kuo, C. L., Kuchel, G. A., & Melzer, D. (2020). Preexisting comorbidities predicting COVID-19 and mortality in the UK biobank community cohort. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 75(11), 2224-2230. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa183

ASBRAN (2020a). Guía para uma alimentãçao saudável em tempos de COVID-19. https://www.asbran.org.br/storage/downloads/files/2020/03/guia-alimentar-covid-19.pdf

ASBRAN (2020b). Posicionamento da abran a respeito de micronutrientes e probióticos na infecção por COVID-19. https://abran.org.br/2020/05/01/posicionamento-da-associacao-brasileira-de-nutrologia-abran-a-respeito-de-micronutrientes-e-probioticos-na-infeccao-por-covid-19/

Baena, S., Tauler, P., Aguiló, A., & García, O. (2021). Physical activity recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic: a practical approach for different target groups. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 38(1), 194-200. Epub 26 de abril de 2021.https://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.03363

Barazzoni, R., Bischoff, S. C., Breda, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Krznarić, Ž., Nitzan, D., Pirlich, M., & Singer, P. (2020). ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Liječnički vjesnik, 142(3-4), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.26800/LV-142-3-4-13

Barry, J. C., Simtchouk, S., Durrer, C., Jung, M. E., Mui, A. L., & Little, J. P. (2018). Short-term exercise training reduces anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in adults with obesity. Cytokine, 111, 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.035

Bartlett, D. B., Shepherd, S. O., Wilson, O. J., Adlan, A. M., Wagenmakers, A. J., Shaw, C. S., & Lord, J. M. (2017). Neutrophil and monocyte bactericidal responses to 10 weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval or moderate-intensity continuous training in sedentary adults. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8148742

Bartlett, D. B., Willis, L. H., Slentz, C. A., Hoselton, A., Kelly, L., Huebner, J. L., Kraus, V., Moss, J., Muehlbauer, M., Spielmann, G., Kraus, W., Lord, J., & Huffman, K. M. (2018). Ten weeks of high-intensity interval walk training is associated with reduced disease activity and improved innate immune function in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Arthritis research & therapy, 20(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1624-x

Bikle, D. D. (2009). Vitamin D and immune function: understanding common pathways. Current osteoporosis reports, 7(2), 58-63. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11914-009-0011-6

Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Thyfault, J. P., Ruegsegger, G. N., & Toedebusch, R. G. (2017). Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 97(4), 1351–1402. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00019.2016

Boretti, A., & Banik, B. K. (2020). Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PharmaNutrition, 12, 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100190

Bulló, M., Casas, R., Portillo, M. P., Basora, J., Estruch, R., Garcia-Arellano, A., Lasa, A., Juanola-Falgarona, M., Arós, F., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2013). Dietary glycemic index/load and peripheral adipokines and inflammatory markers in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(5), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.09.009

Calder, P. C. (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions, 45(5), 1105-1115. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20160474

Calder, P. C. (2020). Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 3(1), 74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjnph-2020-000085

Campbell, J. P., & Turner, J. E. (2018). Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression: redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648

Capone, S., Abramyan, S., Ross, B., Rosenberg, J., Zeibeq, J., Vasudevan, V., Samad, R., Gerolemou, L., Pinelis, E., Gasperino, J., & Orsini, J. (2020). Characterization of critically ill COVID-19 patients at a brooklyn safety-net hospital. Cureus, 12(8). https://dx.doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.9809

Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

Carvalho, V. O., & Gois, C. O. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and home-based physical activity. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(8), 2833-2834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.018

Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Forte, G. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep medicine, 75, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.011

Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S. C., & Di Napoli, R. (2022). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

CDC (2021). Cómo se propaga el COVID-19. https://espanol.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html

Chiscano-Camón, L., Ruiz-Rodriguez, J. C., Ruiz-Sanmartin, A., Roca, O., & Ferrer, R. (2020). Vitamin C levels in patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical care, 24(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03249-y

Chiva-Blanch, G., & Badimon, L. (2020). Benefits and risks of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease: current findings and controversies. Nutrients, 12(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010108

da Silveira, M. P., da Silva Fagundes, K. K., Bizuti, M. R., Starck, É., Rossi, R. C., & de Resende E Silva, D. T. (2021). Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature. Clinical and experimental medicine, 21(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3

De Amicis, R., Cancello, R., Capodaglio, P., Gobbi, M., Brunani, A., Gilardini, L., Castenuovo, L., Molinari, E., Barvieri, V., Mambrini, S.P., Battezzati, A., & Bertoli, S. (2021). Patients with severe obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic: how to maintain an adequate multidisciplinary nutritional rehabilitation program?. Obesity facts, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513283

Del Rio, D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Spencer, J. P., Tognolini, M., Borges, G., & Crozier, A. (2013). Dietary (poly) phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 18(14), 1818-1892. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4581

de Souza, D. C., Matos, V. A., Dos Santos, V. O., Medeiros, I. F., Marinho, C. S., Nascimento, P. R., Dorneles, G.P., Peres, A., Müller, C., Krause, M., Costa, E., & Fayh, A. (2018). Effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on inflammatory, leptin, IgA, and lipid peroxidation responses in obese males. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00567

Detopoulou, P., Demopoulos, C. A., & Antonopoulou, S. (2021). Micronutrients, phytochemicals and mediterranean diet: a potential protective role against COVID-19 through modulation of PAF actions and metabolism. Nutrients, 13(2), 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020462

Dixit, S. (2020). Can moderate intensity aerobic exercise be an effective and valuable therapy in preventing and controlling the pandemic of COVID-19?. Medical hypotheses, 143, 109854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109854

D’Innocenzo, S., Biagi, C., & Lanari, M. (2019). Obesity and the Mediterranean Diet: A Review of Evidence of the Role and Sustainability of the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients. 11(6):1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061306

Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Giugliano, D. (2017). Mediterranean diet for type 2 diabetes: cardiometabolic benefits. Endocrine, 56(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1018-2

Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D´ Armiento, M., D´Andrea, F., & Giugliano, D. (2004). Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Jama, 292(12), 1440-1446. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1440

FAO (2020). Maintaining a healthy diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8380en

Feehan, J., de Courten, M., Apostolopoulos, V., & de Courten, B. (2021). Nutritional Interventions for COVID-19: A Role for Carnosine?. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051463

Ferro, Y., Pujia, R., Maurotti, S., Boragina, G., Mirarchi, A., Gnagnarella, P., & Mazza, E. (2021). Mediterranean Diet a Potential Strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review. Medicina, 57(12), 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121389

Finzi, E. (2020). Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: A report on four patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 307-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.006

Frigolet, M. E., & Gutiérrez-Aguilar, R. (2017). The role of the novel lipokine palmitoleic acid in health and disease. Advances in Nutrition, 8(1), 173S-181S. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011130

Gaskins, A., Mumford, S., Rovner, A., Zhang, C., Chen, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Perkins, N., & Schisterman, E. (2010). Whole grains are associated with serum concentrations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein among premenopausal women. The Journal of nutrition, 140(9), 1669-1676. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.124164

Gentil, P., de Lira, C. A. B., Souza, D., Jimenez, A., Mayo, X., de Fátima Pinho Lins, A., Gomes, E., Alcaraz, P., Bianco, A., Paoli, A., Papeschi, J., A., & Carnevali, L. C. (2020). Resistance training safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak: practical recommendations. BioMed research international, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3292916

Ghram, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Briki, W., Jenab, Y., Khaled, M., Haddad, M., & Chamari, K. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic and Physical Exercise: Lessons Learnt for Confined Communities. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 618585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618585

Grant, W. B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S. L., Baggerly, C. A., French, C. B., Aliano, J. L., & Bhattoa, H. P. (2020). Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients, 12(4), 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988

Gutiérrez, S., Svahn, S. L., & Johansson, M. E. (2019). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune cells. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(20), 5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205028

Hall, K. D., & Chung, S. T. (2018). Low-carbohydrate diets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 21(4), 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000470

Hjorth, M. F., Ritz, C., Blaak, E. E., Saris, W. H., Langin, D., Poulsen, S. K., Larsen, T., Sorensen, T., Zohar, Y., & Astrup, A. (2017). Pretreatment fasting plasma glucose and insulin modify dietary weight loss success: results from 3 randomized clinical trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(2), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155200

Hoseini, R. (2020). How to Exercise During Coronavirus Quarantine?. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 11(Suppl 1), 479. https://dx.doi.org/10.22088%2Fcjim.11.0.479

Hu, X., Deng, H., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Gu, X., & Wang, X. (2021). Predictive value of the prognostic nutritional index for the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. Nutrition, 84, 111123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111123

Hu, S., Tucker, L., Wu, C., & Yang, L. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Depression and Anxiety During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 587557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587557

Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez, S. S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M. R., & Bohn, T. (2020). Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: considerations during the COVID-19 crisis. Nutrients, 12(6), 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061562

Iranpour, A., & Nakhaee, N. (2019). A review of alcohol-related harms: A recent update. Addiction & health, 11(2), 129. https://dx.doi.org/10.22122%2Fahj.v11i2.225

JamaliMoghadamSiahkali, S., Zarezade, B., Koolaji, S., SeyedAlinaghi, S., Zendehdel, A., Tabarestani, M., Moghadam, E., Abbasian, L., Manshadi, S., Salehi, M., Hasannezhad, M., Ghaderkhani, S., Meidani, M., Salahshour, F., Jafari, F., Manafi, N., & Ghiasvand, F. (2021). Safety and effectiveness of high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19: a randomized open-label clinical trial. European journal of medical research, 26(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00490-1

Jamurtas, A. Z., Fatouros, I. G., Deli, C. K., Georgakouli, K., Poulios, A., Draganidis, D., Papanikolaou, K., Tsimeas, P., Chatzinikolaou, A., Avloniti, A., Tsiokanos, A., & Koutedakis, Y. (2018). The effects of acute low-volume HIIT and aerobic exercise on leukocyte count and redox status. Journal of sports science & medicine, 17(3), 501. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090390/

Jimeno-Almazán, A., Pallarés, J. G., Buendía-Romero, Á., Martínez-Cava, A., Franco-López, F., Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez, B. J., Bernal-Morel, E., & Courel-Ibáñez, J. (2021). Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(10), 5329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105329

Joachimiak, M. P. (2021). Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 15(1), e0008895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895

Jothimani, D., Kailasam, E., Danielraj, S., Nallathambi, B., Ramachandran, H., Sekar, P., Manoharan, S., Ramani, V., Narasimhan, G., Kaliamoorthy, I., & Rela, M. (2020). COVID-19: Poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 100, 343-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014

Kalligeros, M., Shehadeh, F., Mylona, E. K., Benitez, G., Beckwith, C. G., Chan, P. A., & Mylonakis, E. (2020). Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Obesity, 28(7), 1200-1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22859

Kaur, H., Singh, T., Arya, Y. K., & Mittal, S. (2020). Physical Fitness and Exercise During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Enquiry. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 590172. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590172

Keflie, T. S., & Biesalski, H. K. (2020). Micronutrients and bioactive substances: Their potential roles in combating COVID-19. Nutrition, 111103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111103

King, S., Glanville, J., Sanders, M. E., Fitzgerald, A., & Varley, D. (2014). Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000075

Lee, J. H., & Jun, H. S. (2019). Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00042

Liu, S., Hu, P., Du, X., Zhou, T., & Pei, X. (2013). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for preventing respiratory infections in children: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Indian pediatrics, 50(4), 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-013-0123-z

Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Ridker, P. M. (2002). Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(3), 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492

Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of travel medicine, 27(2), taaa021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021

Ling, V., & Zabetakis, I. (2021). The Role of an Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Conjunction to COVID-19. Diseases, 9(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040076

Ma, Y., Hébert, J. R., Li, W., Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Olendzki, B., Pagoto, S. L., Tinker, L., Rosal, M., Ockene, J., Griffith, J., & Liu, S. (2008). Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutrition, 24(10), 941-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.04.005

Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Longo, M., Caruso, P., & Esposito, K. (2020). Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19: Hypothesizing Potential benefits in people with diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2020.574315

Maugeri, G., & Musumeci, G. (2021). Adapted physical activity to ensure the physical and psychological well-being of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010013

Mentella, M. C., Scaldaferri, F., Gasbarrini, A., & Miggiano, G. A. D. (2021). The Role of Nutrition in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 13(4), 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041093

Milani, G. P., Macchi, M., & Guz-Mark, A. (2021). Vitamin C in the Treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients, 13(4), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041172

Moriconi, D., Masi, S., Rebelos, E., Virdis, A., Manca, M. L., De Marco, S., Taddei, S., & Nannipieri, M. (2020). Obesity prolongs the hospital stay in patients affected by COVID-19, and may impact on SARS-COV-2 shedding. Obesity research & clinical practice, 14(3), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.05.009

Moscatelli, F., Sessa, F., Valenzano, A., Polito, R., Monda, V., Cibelli, G., Villano, I., Pisanelli, D., Perella, M., Daniele, A., Monda, M., Messina, G., & Messina, A. (2020). COVID-19: Role of Nutrition and Supplementation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030976

Mozaffarian, D., & Wu, J. H. (2018). Flavonoids, dairy foods, and cardiovascular and metabolic health: a review of emerging biologic pathways. Circulation research, 122(2), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309008

Nair, R., & Maseeh, A. (2012). Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics, 3(2), 118. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-500X.95506

Neves, P., Tenório, T. R. D. S., Lins, T. A., Muniz, M. T. C., Pithon-Curi, T. C., Botero, J. P., & Do Prado, W. L. (2015). Acute effects of high-and low-intensity exercise bouts on leukocyte counts. Journal of exercise science & fitness, 13(1), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2014.11.003

Nieman, D. C., & Wentz, L. M. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of sport and health science, 8(3), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009

OMS (2020a). Obesidad y sobrepeso. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

OMS (2020b). Manténgase activo durante la pandemia de COVID-19. https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/be-active-during-covid-19

Padhani, Z. A., Moazzam, Z., Ashraf, A., Bilal, H., Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013134.pub2

Papadaki, A., Nolen-Doerr, E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2020). The effect of the Mediterranean diet on metabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials in adults. Nutrients, 12(11), 3342. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113342

Park, Y., Subar, A. F., Hollenbeck, A., & Schatzkin, A. (2011). Dietary fiber intake and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Archives of internal medicine, 171(12), 1061-1068. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.18

Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiological reviews. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055

Pereira, M., Dantas Damascena, A., Galvão Azevedo, L. M., de Almeida Oliveira, T., & da Mota Santana, J. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090

Perez-Araluce, R., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Fernández-Lázaro, C. I., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Gea, A., & Carlos, S. (2021). Mediterranean diet and the risk of COVID-19 in the ‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’cohort. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.001

Pesta, D. H., & Samuel, V. T. (2014). A high-protein diet for reducing body fat: mechanisms and possible caveats. Nutrition & metabolism, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-11-53

Ragab, D., Salah Eldin, H., Taeimah, M., Khattab, R., & Salem, R. (2020). The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 1446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01446

Raiol, R. A. (2020). Praticar exercícios físicos é fundamental para a saúde física e mental durante a Pandemia da COVID-19. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(2), 2804-2813. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n2-124

Rodríguez, M. Á., Crespo, I., & Olmedillas, H. (2020). Exercising in times of COVID-19: what do experts recommend doing within four walls?. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.), 73(7), 527–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2020.04.001

Sakhaei, R., Shahvazi, S., Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Samadi, M., Khatibi, N., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zare, F., & Salehi-Abargouei, A. (2018). The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-style diet and an alternative Mediterranean diet are differently associated with serum inflammatory markers in female adults. Food and nutrition bulletin, 39(3), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0379572118783950

Sallis, R., Young, D. R., Tartof, S. Y., Sallis, J. F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G., & Cohen, D. A. (2021). Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients. British journal of sports medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080

Sattar, Y., Connerney, M., Rauf, H., Saini, M., Ullah, W., Mamtani, S., Syed, H., Luddington, S., & Walfish, A. (2020). Three cases of COVID-19 disease with colonic manifestations. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. https://dx.doi.org/10.14309%2Fajg.0000000000000692

Scartoni, F. R., Sant'Ana, L. O., Murillo-Rodriguez, E., Yamamoto, T., Imperatori, C., Budde, H., Vianna, J. M., & Machado, S. (2020). Physical Exercise and Immune System in the Elderly: Implications and Importance in COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 593903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593903

Scudiero, O., Lombardo, B., Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Cesaro, A., Fimiani, F., Gentile, L., Moscarella, E., Amodio, F., Ranieri, A., Gragnano, F., Laneri, s., Mazzaccara, C., Di Micco, P., Caiazza, M., D´Alicandro, G., Limongelli, G., Calabrò, P., Pero, R., & Frisso, G. (2021). Exercise, immune system, nutrition, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases during COVID-19: a complex combination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030904

Simou, E., Leonardi-Bee, J., & Britton, J. (2018). The effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest, 154(1), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.041

Simpson, R. J., & Katsanis, E. (2020). The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2020.04.041

Simpson, R. J., Kunz, H., Agha, N., & Graff, R. (2015). Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. Progress in molecular biology and translational science, 135, 355-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001

Simpson, R. J., Lowder, T. W., Spielmann, G., Bigley, A. B., LaVoy, E. C., & Kunz, H. (2012). Exercise and the aging immune system. Ageing research reviews, 11(3), 404-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.003

Singer, P., Blaser, A. R., Berger, M. M., Alhazzani, W., Calder, P. C., Casaer, M. P., Hiesmayr, K., Montejo, J., Pichard, C., Preiser, J-C., van Zanten, A., Oczkowski, S., Szczeklik, W., & Bischoff, S. C. (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical nutrition, 38(1), 48-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.037

Singh, K., & Rao, A. (2021). Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management. Nutrition Research, 87, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014

Skalny, A. V., Rink, L., Ajsuvakova, O. P., Aschner, M., Gritsenko, V. A., Alekseenko, S. I., Svistunov, A., Petrakis, D., Spandidos, D., Aaseth, J., Tsatsakis, A., & Tinkov, A. A. (2020). Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19. International journal of molecular medicine, 46(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575

Soltani, S., Shirani, F., Chitsazi, M. J., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2016). The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obesity reviews, 17(5), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12391

Storz, M. A. (2021). Lifestyle Adjustments in Long-COVID Management: Potential Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Current Nutrition Reports, 10(4), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-021-00369-x

Thomas, S., Patel, D., Bittel, B., Wolski, K., Wang, Q., Kumar, A., Il´Giovine, Z., Mehra, R., McWilliams, C., Nissen, S., & Desai, M. Y. (2021). Effect of high-dose zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation vs usual care on symptom length and reduction among ambulatory patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: the COVID A to Z randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open, 4(2), e210369-e210369. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0369

Trouwborst, I., Verreijen, A., Memelink, R., Massanet, P., Boirie, Y., Weijs, P., & Tieland, M. (2018). Exercise and nutrition strategies to counteract sarcopenic obesity. Nutrients, 10(5), 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050605

Trujillo, L, von Oetinger, A., & García, D. (2020). Ejercicio físico y COVID-19: la importancia de mantenernos activos. Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias, 36(4), 334-340. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-73482020000400334

Tsoupras, A., Lordan, R., & Zabetakis, I. (2020). Thrombosis and COVID-19: The Potential role of nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.583080

Valenzuela, P. L., Simpson, R. J., Castillo-García, A., & Lucia, A. (2021). Physical activity: A coadjuvant treatment to COVID-19 vaccination?. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2021.03.003

van Zuuren, E. J., Fedorowicz, Z., Kuijpers, T., & Pijl, H. (2018). Effects of low-carbohydrate-compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 108(2), 300-331. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy096

Vancini, R. L., Andrade, M. S., Viana, R. B., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B., Campanharo, C., de Almeida, A. A., Gentil, P., & de Lira, C. (2021). Physical exercise and COVID-19 pandemic in PubMed: Two months of dynamics and one year of original scientific production. Sports medicine and health science, 3(2), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.04.004

Vouloumanou, E. K., Makris, G. C., Karageorgopoulos, D. E., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Probiotics for the prevention of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 34(3), 197-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.005

Vitale, E., Magrone, M., Galatola, V., & Magrone, T. (2021). The Role of Nutrition During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What We Know. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 21(11), 1982–1992. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210114154401

Warburton, D. E., & Bredin, S. S. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current opinion in cardiology, 32(5), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437

WHO (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 52. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200312-sitrep-52-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn$=$e2bfc9c0_4

WHO (2021). Nutrition advice for adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. http://www.emro.who.int/fr/nutrition/nutrition-infocus/nutrition-advice-for-adults-during-the-covid-19-outbreak.html

Williamson, G. (2017). The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition. Nutrition bulletin, 42(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12278

Witard, O. C., Wardle, S. L., Macnaughton, L. S., Hodgson, A. B., & Tipton, K. D. (2016). Protein considerations for optimising skeletal muscle mass in healthy young and older adults. Nutrients, 8(4), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040181

Wittmer, V. L., Paro, F. M., Duarte, H., Capellini, V. K., & Barbalho-Moulim, M. C. (2021). Early mobilization and physical exercise in patients with COVID-19: A narrative literature review. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 43, 101364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101364

Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., Zhou, F., Jiang, J., Bai, C., Zheng, J., & Song, Y. (2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA internal medicine, 180(7), 934-943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994

Yao, J. S., Paguio, J. A., Dee, E. C., Tan, H. C., Moulick, A., Milazzo, C., Jurado, J., Della, N., & Celi, L. A. (2021). The minimal effect of zinc on the survival of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an observational study. Chest, 159(1), 108-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.082

Zhang, J., Rao, X., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Liu, F., Guo, G., Luo, G., Meng, Z., De Backer, D., Xiang, H., & Peng, Z. (2021). Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Annals of intensive care, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00792-3

Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G., & Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine. 382:727-733. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001017

Descargas

Publicado

2022-06-21

Cómo citar

Ramos Espinoza, M. A., Narrea Vargas, J. J., & Castillo-Paredes, A. (2022). Nutrición y ejercicio físico, una considerable propuesta de ayuda no farmacológica ante el COVID-19 (Nutrition and exercise, a considerable proposal for non-pharmacological help against COVID-19). Retos, 45, 538–557. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.91455

Número

Sección

Experiencias didácticas desarrollas e investigadas con trabajo empírico

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

1 2 > >>