Una revisión sistemática del desarrollo de la experiencia adaptativa de los docentes de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria
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INTRODUCCIÓN. Esta revisión sistemática explora el concepto de pericia adaptativa en la educación preescolar, primaria y secundaria, buscando identificar sus características clave y cómo fomentar su desarrollo. La capacidad de los docentes para ajustar sus estrategias a situaciones novedosas y complejas, equilibrando competencia rutinaria e innovación, se conoce como pericia adaptativa. MÉTODO. Una búsqueda en Web of Science, centrada en estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2024, identificó 112 estudios, de los cuales 28 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se empleó la lista CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) y se siguieron las normas PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for ystematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses) para garantizar un proceso transparente en la selección y evaluación de los artículos. RESULTADOS. La revisión indica que la práctica reflexiva, los métodos centrados en el estudiante, la flexibilidad y la resolución creativa de problemas son características de la pericia adaptativa. Las pedagogías prácticas, la indagación reflexiva, la mentoría y los entornos que fomenten la experimentación y el riesgo son enfoques clave para su desarrollo. DISCUSIÓN. Los hallazgos sugieren que los programas de formación docente deben priorizar la reflexión, la colaboración y ciclos iterativos de práctica y retroalimentación. También se recomienda incorporar tecnologías digitales para fomentar la innovación en métodos de enseñanza. Según la revisión, los docentes deben poseer pericia adaptativa para responder eficazmente a las diversas y cambiantes necesidades de los estudiantes, especialmente de los estudiantes de inglés (ELL), promoviendo eficiencia en tareas rutinarias y flexibilidad ante nuevas situaciones. Las implicaciones incluyen mejoras en la selección de personal, autoeficacia docente, desarrollo profesional para instructores de contenido que enseñan a estudiantes ELL y retención de personal.
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