Abstract
VET institutions are involved in a rapid process of digital transformation, but despite the investments, expected changes have not been achieved. Thus, this study identifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for a high digital capacity of schools. For this, NCA and QCA were conducted from 21 basic VET institutions, analysing data from SELFIE, INCOTIC 2.0 and COMDID A. Considering students' digital competence (SDC) perception, teachers’ digital competence (TDC) perception, infrastructure, digital plan and leadership as conditions for a high digital capacity of school, the results revealed that a high level of TDC and digital plan level are necessary for a full degree or digital capacity. According to sufficient conditions, infrastructure is essential for successful digital implementation in schools, but SDC or TDC are also crucial to ensure effective technology use. As a conclusion, the article provides valuable insights into VET institutions' digitalisation to benefit their digital transformation processes.
References
Berné-Martínez, J. M., Arnal-Pastor, M., & Llopis-Amorós, M.-P. (2021). Reacting to the paradigm shift: QCA study of the factors shaping innovation in publishing, information services, advertising and market research activities in the European Union. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120340
Brooks, D. C., & McCormack, M. (2020). Driving digital transformation in higher education (EDUCAUSE) [ECAR research report.]. ECAR.
Castañeda, L., Viñoles-Cosentino, V., Postigo-Fuentes, A. Y., Herrero, C., & Cachia, R. (2023). Strategic approaches to regional transformation of digital education. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/13248
Castaño Munoz, J., Vuorikari, R., Costa, P., Hippe, R., & Kampylis, P. (2023). Teacher collaboration and students’ digital competence – Evidence from the SELFIE tool. European Journal of Teacher Education, 46(3), 476–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2021.1938535
Cilesiz, S., & Greckhamer, T. (2020). Qualitative comparative analysis in education research: Its current status and future potential. Review of Research in Education, 44(1), 332–369. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X20907347
Condie, R., & Munro, B. (2007). The impact of ICT in schools—A landscape review. Becta Research. https://core.ac.uk/outputs/9020987/?source=2
Costa, P., Castaño-Muñoz, J., & Kampylis, P. (2021). Capturing schools’ digital capacity: Psychometric analyses of the SELFIE self-reflection tool. Computers & Education, 162, 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104080
Delgado, A., Wardlow, L., O’Malley, K., & McKnight, K. (2015). Educational Technology: A review of the integration, resources, and effectiveness of technology in K-12 classrooms. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 14, 397–416.
Ding, H. (2022). What kinds of countries have better innovation performance?–A country-level fsQCA and NCA study. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100215
Dul, J. (2016). Necessary condition analysis (NCA): Logic and methodology of “necessary but not sufficient” causality. Organizational Research Methods, 19(1), 10–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115584005
European Commission. (2020). Digital Education Action Plan (COM(2020) 624 Final).
European Commission. (2022, December 5). SELFIE | European Education Area. SELFIE. https://education.ec.europa.eu/selfie
European Commission. Joint Research Centre. (2024). Digital transformation of vocational education and training (VET) workshop. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/94528
García Álvarez-Coque, J. M., Mas-Verdú, F., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2017). Technological innovation versus non-technological innovation: Different conditions in different regional contexts? Quality & Quantity, 51(5), 1955–1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0394-2
Garcia Grau, F., Valls Bautista, C., & Lázaro Cantabrana, J. L. (2022). Estrategias para la transformación digital de un centro educativo: Una revisión sistemática. Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigación en Tecnología Educativa, 157–172. https://doi.org/10.6018/riite.533971
Giannoutsou, N., Dimitriadis, Y., Villagrá-, S. S., Ioannou, A., Timotheou, S., Mckenney, S., Van, D. L. S., Jorrín-Abellán, I., Martínez-Monés, A., Adamou, M., Cachia, R., Hogenkamp, L., Gallego-Lema, V., Coca, J. P., & García-Sastre, S. (2023, December 11). Empowering schools to drive their digital transformation: Insights from the evaluation of SELFIE. JRC Publications Repository. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135407
González-Martínez, J., Esteve-Mon, F. M., Larraz Rada, V., Espuny Vidal, C., & Gisbert Cervera, M. (2018). INCOTIC 2.0. Una nueva herramienta para la autoevaluación de la competencia digital del alumnado universitario. Profesorado, Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado, 22(4), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.30827/profesorado.v22i4.8401
Hauff, S., Guerci, M., Dul, J., & van Rhee, H. (2021). Exploring necessary conditions in HRM research: Fundamental issues and methodological implications. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12231
Higgins, S., Xiao, Z., & Katsipataki, M. (2012). The impact of digital technology on learning: A summary for the Education Endowment Foundation. Full Report. Education Endowment Foundation. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED612174
Ifenthaler, D., Hofhues, S., Egloffstein, M., & Helbig, C. (Eds.). (2021). Digital transformation of learning organizations. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55878-9
Kampylis, P., Devine, J., Punie, Y., & Newman, T. (2016). Supporting schools to go digital: From a conceptual model towards the design of a self-assessment tool for digital-age learning. In Proceedings of the International Technology, Education and Development Conference (pp. 816–825). https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.1185
Kampylis, P., Punie, Y., & Devine, J. (2015). Promoting effective digital-age learning: A European framework for digitally competent educational organisations. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2791/54070
Kampylis, P., & Sala, A. (2023). Improving the digital capacity of schools by using the SELFIE tool for collective reflection. European Journal of Education, 58(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12561
Kovalchuk, V. I., Maslich, S. V., Movchan, L. G., Soroka, V. V., Lytvynova, S. H., & Kuzminska, O. H. (2022). Digital transformation of vocational schools: Problem analysis. CTE Workshop Proceedings, 9, 107–123. https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.107
Kovalchuk, V. I., Maslich, S. V., & Movchan, L. H. (2023). Digitalization of vocational education under crisis conditions. Educational Technology Quarterly, 2023(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.49
Lázaro Cantabrana, J. L., Usart Rodríguez, M., & Gisbert Cervera, M. (2019). Assessing teacher digital competence: The construction of an instrument for measuring the knowledge of pre-service teachers. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 8(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2019.1.370
Oana, I.-E., Schneider, C. Q., & Thomann, E. (2021). Qualitative comparative analysis using R: A beginner’s guide. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006781
Pettersson, F. (2021). Understanding digitalization and educational change in school by means of activity theory and the levels of learning concept. Education and Information Technologies, 26(1), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10239-8
Pulfrey, C., & Caneva, C. (2022). What to prioritize in building academic digital capacity: Using SELFIE to support digital development in schools. ICERI2022 Proceedings, 2321. 15th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0581
Ragin, C. C. (2000). Fuzzy-set social science. University of Chicago Press.
Ragin, C. C. (2009). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. University of Chicago Press.
Solar, M., Sabattin, J., & Parada, V. (2013). A maturity model for assessing the use of ICT in school education. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 206–218.
Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Monés, A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools’ digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6695–6726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11431-8
Usart Rodríguez, M., Lázaro Cantabrana, J. L., & Gisbert Cervera, M. (2020). Validation of a tool for self-evaluating teacher digital competence. Educación XX1, 24(1), 353–373. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.27080

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pixel-Bit. Media and Education Journal
