La mentoría en los programas de formación de directores escolares: revisión de la literatura
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INTRODUCCIÓN. La mentoría es uno de los sistemas más eficaces para desarrollar el liderazgo de los directores escolares. Hasta la fecha, las publicaciones se focalizan en aspectos concretos de la mentoría. El presente estudio pretende realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la mentoría con directores escolares ofreciendo una visión sistémica que incluye datos de revisiones anteriores, contribuciones de las últimas investigaciones y un marco para incorporar la mentoría en los programas de formación directiva. Dos objetivos guían el desarrollo de esta investigación: 1) realizar un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía (evolución, localización, tipo de estudios) y 2) analizar los factores que inciden en su eficacia (condiciones para una buena mentoría, dificultades y beneficios). MÉTODO. Se efectúa una revisión de la literatura siguiendo los procedimientos definidos a tal efecto. La búsqueda se realiza en las bases de datos Web of Science y SCOPUS, utilizando como ecuación de búsqueda los términos “educational mentoring”, y como criterios de inclusión publicaciones académicas referidas a mentoría educativa, publicadas entre 2000 y 2020. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN. Se obtienen 290 referencias relacionadas con la mentoría educativa, de las cuales 114 documentos (39%) se refieren a la mentoría con directores. La muestra final después del cribaje consiste en 48 artículos sobre mentoría directiva. Las referencias se analizan en profundidad, mostrando un incremento de estudios sobre mentoría directiva a partir de 2010, especialmente en países anglosajones y por medio de investigaciones cualitativas. El análisis indica que los mecanismos de acompañamiento a los directores escolares han recibido un fuerte impulso en muchos lugares del mundo, han aumentado su importancia porcentual respecto a otros tipos de mentoría y son elemento clave en los programas de formación directiva. Se incorpora un análisis de los efectos de la mentoría sobre los participantes y recomendaciones para incluirla en los programas de formación directiva.
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