Sociodemographic characterisation of the endurance runner: risk of injury and psychosocial profile. A contemporary sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108185Keywords:
Endurance athletes, Injuries, Runners, Socio-demographicsAbstract
The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the sociodemographic and psychosocial profile, also to identify the risk of injury of a contemporary sample of Spanish amateur endurance runners regarding individual variables, training volume and personality. A total of 147 endurance runners (114 males and 33 females; age: 42.66 ± 11.54 years old; BMI: 22.83 ± 2.47 kg/m2) completed an ad hoc questionnaire designed for athletes older than 18 years old. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed for the fact of having a personal trainer, with women reporting a higher percentage than men. Most of the athletes (68%) have been injured in the last 3 years, and no significant differences between sexes were found. The profile of the endurance runner is a normotypical 40-year-old male with some anxiety and low mood, who has studied at the university, he/she is married or has a couple. He has been training for 16 years, doing 51 kilometers per week, joining 12 annual competitions, and has been injured 2 times in the last 3 years. The most common injury is tendonitis, being the causes of injuries found in this study the footwear and the personal goal achievement.
Keywords: Endurance athletes, runners, injuries, socio-demographics
References
Andrade, R., & Santos, T. (2022). Selection of running shoes by amateur runners: Characterization and association with the self-reported history of injury. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 29, 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-2950/22016129042022en
Benca, E., Listabarth, S., Flock, F. K. J., Pablik, E., Fischer, C., Walzer, S. M., Dorotka, R., Windhager, R., & Ziai, P. (2020). Analysis of Running-Related Injuries: The Vienna Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020438
Beramendi, M., & Zubieta, E. (2017). Validation of the 40 and 21 items versions of the portrait values questionnaire in Argentina. PSYCHOLOGIA, 60(2), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2017.68
Campbell, J.P.; Turner, J.E. (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Front. Immunol, 9, 648, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648.
Cardozo, L. A., Lara, M. V., Jiménez, J. G., Villamil, S. B., & Reina-Monroy, J. L. (2023). Análisis de la carga de entrenamiento previo a una lesión en atletismo de media distancia: Estudio de caso. SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 12(6).
Dempster, J., Dutheil, F., & Ugbolue, U. C. (2021). The prevalence of lower extremity injuries in running and associ-ated risk factors: A systematic review. Physical Activity and Health, 5(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.5334/paah.109
Duck-chul, L.; Brellenthin, A.G.; Thompson, P.D.; Sui, X.; I-Mind, L.; Lavie, C.J. (2017). Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 60, 45–55, doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005.
Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the revised Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. Person-ality and Individual Differences, 13(4), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X
Gerasimuk, D., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Stanula, A., Bezuglov, E., Achkasov, E., Swinarew, A., & Waśkiewicz, Z. (2021). Age-related differences in motivation of recreational runners, marathoners, and ultra-marathoners. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 738807.
Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health Available online: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241599979 (accessed on 23 December 2023).
González-Cutre, D.; Sicilia, álvaro; Fernández, Alberto. (2010). Hacia una mayor comprensión de la motivación en el ejercicio físico: medición de la regulación integrada en el contexto español. Psicotema, 22, 841–847.
Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons Downs, D. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
Hopkins, W.G.; Marshall, S.W.; Batterham, A.M.; Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medi-cine and Exercise Science. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41, 3–13, doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
Kakouris, N., Yener, N., & Fong, D. T. P. (2021). A systematic review of running-related musculoskeletal injuries in runners. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(5), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.04.001
Latorre Román, P.Á.; Obra Jiménez, A.; Párraga Montilla, J.; García Pinillos, Felipe. (2016) Dependencia al ejercicio físico e insatisfacción corporal en diferentes deportes de resistencia y su relación con la motivación al deporte. Re-vista de Psicología del Deporte, 25, 113–120.
Latorre-Román, P.Á.; Salas Sánchez, J.; Consuegra-Gonzalez, P.J.; Aragón Vela, J.; Párraga-Montilla, J.A. (2022). Training Load Measures and Biomarker Responses Using a Multilevel Approach during a Training Week: A Study Comparing Young and Master Cyclists. Med Sport, 75, doi:10.23736/S0025-7826.22.04057-1.
Lavie, C.J.; Lee, D.; Sui, X.; Arena, R.; O’Keefe, J.H.; Church, T.S.; Milani, R.V.; Blair, S.N. (2015). Effects of Run-ning on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 90, 1541–1552, doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001.
Lazari Gomes, T., Oliveira Viana, L., Miranda Ferreira, D., Mitsuo Inada, M., Muraro Laurito, G., & Rocha Piedade, S. (2022). The Aging Athlete: Influence of Age on Injury Risk and Rehabilitation. In Management of Track and Field Injuries (pp. 329–338). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60216-1_31
León-Guereño, P., Tapia-Serrano, M. A., & Sánchez-Miguel, P. A. (2020). The relationship of recreational runners’ motivation and resilience levels to the incidence of injury: A mediation model. PloS One, 15(5), e0231628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231628
Lepers, R.; Stapley, P.J. (2016). Master Athletes Are Extending the Limits of Human Endurance. Front. Physiol, 7, 613, doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00613.
Malisoux, L., Ramesh, J., Mann, R., Seil, R., Urhausen, A., & Theisen, D. (2015). Can parallel use of different run-ning shoes decrease running-related injury risk? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12154
Manzano-Sánchez, D., Postigo-Pérez, L., Gómez-López, M., & Valero-Valenzuela, A. (2020). Study of the Motiva-tion of Spanish Amateur Runners Based on Training Patterns and Gender. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 17(21), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218185
McKean, K. A., Manson, N. A., & Stanish, W. D. (2006). Musculoskeletal Injury in the Masters Runners: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200603000-00011
Menheere, D., Janssen, M., Funk, M., Van Der Spek, E., Lallemand, C., & Vos, S. (2020). Runner’s perceptions of reasons to quit running: Influence of gender, age and running-related characteristics. International journal of environ-mental research and public health, 17(17), 6046.
Pedisic, Z., Shrestha, N., Kovalchik, S., Stamatakis, E., Liangruenrom, N., Grgic, J., ... & Oja, P. (2020). Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A system-atic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 54(15), 898-905.
Pereira, H. V., Palmeira, A. L., Encantado, J., Marques, M. M., Santos, I., Carraça, E. V., & Teixeira, P. J. (2021). Systematic review of psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 624783.
Ramsey, C. A., Lamb, P., & Ribeiro, D. C. (2022). Factors Influencing Runner’s Choices of Footwear. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.829514
Richards, C. E. (2020). Effect of shoe design on distance running injury risk and performance [University of Newcastle]. https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access%20/manager/Repository/uon:36501?view=null&f0=sm_creator%3A%22Richards%2C+Craig+Edward%22&sort=sort_ss_title%2F
Robbins, S., & Waked, E. (1997). Hazard of deceptive advertising of athletic footwear. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(4), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.31.4.299
Ruegsegger, G. N., & Booth, F. W. (2018). Health benefits of exercise. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 8(7), a029694.
Salas Sánchez, J.; Angel Latorre Roman, P.; Soto Hermoso, V.M. (2013). Negative Dependence to the Career of Re-sistance and Corporal Dimorphism in Veteran Athletes. Medicina dello Sport, 66, 375–387.
Salas Sánchez, J.; Latorre Román, Pedro A.; Soto Hermoso, V.M; Santos e Campos, Ma. A.; García Pinillos, Felipe. (2013). Características sociodemográficas del corredor popular veterano español. Cronos, XII, 80–89.
Sandín, B.; Valiente, R.M.; Chorot, P.; Olmedo Montes, M.; Santed Germán, M.A. (2002). Versión española del cuestionario EPQR-ABREVIADO (EPQR-A) (I) : análisis exploratorio de la estructura factorial. RPPC, 7, doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.7.num.3.2002.3933.
Schwartz, S.H. .(2003). A Proposal for Measuring Value Orientations across Nations. Questionnaire package of the euro-pean social survey, 259, 261.
Scheerder, J., Breedveld, K., & Borgers, J. (Eds.). (2015). Running across Europe: the rise and size of one of the largest sport markets. Springer.
Struwig, G. A. (2016). Health risks of distance running: Modelling the predictors of running addiction, overuse injuries, and infectious illness [University of South Africa]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Health-risks-of-distance-running%3A-modelling-the-of-Struwig/54c443c3b3ee1bad05e6744114cd64df59eaf44a
van Iperen, L. P., de Jonge, J., Gevers, J. M., & Vos, S. B. (2022). Linking psychological risk profiles to running-related injuries and chronic fatigue in long-distance runners: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exer-cise, 58, 102082.
Warburton Darren, E.R.; Crystal Whitney, Nicol; Shannon S.D. (2006). Bredin Health Benefits of Physical Activity: The Evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 801–809, doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351.
Wilson, P.M.; Rodgers, W.M.; Loitz, C.C.; Scime, G. (2006). “It’s Who I Am … Really!’ The Importance of Inte-grated Regulation in Exercise Contexts1. J Appl Biobehavioral Res, 11, 79–104, doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00021.x.
World Health Organization. (2020).. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. World Health Organiza-tion.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
