Determinantes para la excelencia deportiva: estudio centrado en profesores de educación física brasileños (Determinants for sporting excellence: study centered on Brazilian physical education teachers)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.97929Palabras clave:
factores, desarrollo del deportista, pericia, escuela.Resumen
Los estudios en el ámbito de la excelencia deportiva desarrollados en una perspectiva multidimensional son aún escasos y las investigaciones realizadas se han centrado mayoritariamente en el análisis aislado de factores concretos. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores que los profesores de educación física brasileños consideran más determinantes en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la excelencia. Para ello, 14 profesores de educación física de escuelas primarias públicas del estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, fueron entrevistados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo analizados los datos obtenidos a través del análisis de contenido. Los resultados mostraron que los atletas valoran un conjunto de factores personales, designados como principales factores de influencia, con énfasis en los atributos psicológicos, a saber, aquellos relacionados con la disciplina, la dedicación y la determinación. También identificaron factores que ejercen una influencia secundaria, con especial énfasis en la escuela, los profesores de educación física y los entrenadores. Los resultados obtenidos también permiten admitir la necesidad de interacción e interconexión entre los determinantes de influencia primaria y secundaria como algo determinante para el desarrollo de la excelencia en el deporte.
Palabras clave: factores, desarrollo del deportista, pericia, escuela.
Abstract. Studies in the field of sports excellence developed in a multidimensional perspective are still scarce and the investigations carried out have mostly focused on the isolated analysis of specific factors. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that Brazilian physical education teachers consider most determinant in the development and maintenance of excellence. For this purpose, 14 physical education teachers from the public basic education network in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were surveyed through semi-structured interviews. The data obtained was analysed through content analysis. The results showed that athletes value personal factors, designated as primary influencing factors, emphasising psychological attributes, namely those related to discipline, dedication and determination. They also identified factors that exert a secondary influence, particularly on the school, physical education teachers and coaches. The results also make it possible to admit the need for interaction and interconnection between the determining factors of primary and secondary influence as something decisive for developing excellence in sport.
Keywords: factors, athlete development, expertise, school.
Citas
Almeida, L. da S., & Wechsler, S. M. (2015). Excelência profissional: a convergência necessária de variáveis psicológicas. Estudos de Psicologia, 32, 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-166X2015000400019
Araújo, L. S., Cruz, J. F. A., & Almeida, L. S. (2007). Excelência humana: teorias explicativas e papel determinante do professor. Psicologia Educação e Cultura, 11(2), 197–221.
Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2004). A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise. High Ability Studies, 15(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359813042000314781
Bardin, L. (2008). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, Lda.
Bloom, B. (1985). Developing Talent in Young People (First Edition). New York: Ballantine Books.
Bracht, V. (2011). Sociologia critica do esporte: Uma introdução (4a Ed.). Ijuí-RS: Unijuí.
Celestino, T., Leitão, J., Sarmento, H., Marques, A., & Pereira, A. (2015). The Road to Excellence in Orienteering: An Analysis of Elite Athletes’ Life Stories. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2(15), 178–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v10i28.517
Celestino, T., Leitão, J., Sarmento, H., Routen, A., & Pereira, A. (2015). Elite coaches views on factors contributing to excellence in orienteering. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v10i28.517
Celestino, Tadeu, Leitão, J., & Pereira, A. M. de A. (2019). Determinantes para a excelência na Orientação: As representações de treinadores e atletas de elite. Retos, 35, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i35.59118
Coté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). From play to practice: A developmental framework for the acquisition of ex-pertise in team sports. Em J. Starkes & K. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport exper-tise (pp. 89–113). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Côté, J., Ericsson, K. A., & Law, M. P. (2005). Tracing the Development of Athletes Using Retrospective Interview Meth-ods: A Proposed Interview and Validation Procedure for Reported Information. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200590907531
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publica-tions.
Deakin, J., & Cobley, S. (2003). An examination of the practice environments in figure skating and volleyball: A search for deliberate practice. Em J. Starkes & K. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 99–113). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Denzin, N., & Lincon, Y. (2008). Introduction: The discipline of qualitative research. Em N. Denzin & Y. Lincon (Eds.), The landscape of qualitative research (pp. 1–43). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Durand-Bush, N., & Salmela, J. H. (2002). The Development and Maintenance of Expert Athletic Performance: Perceptions of World and Olympic Champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 154–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103473
Ericsson, K. (Ed.). (1996). The Road To Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games (1st edition). Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ericsson, K. A. (2020). Towards a science of the acquisition of expert performance in sports: Clarifying the differences between deliberate practice and other types of practice. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1688618
Espinal-Ruiz, D. J., Rojas-Nuñez, C. F., Brand-Ortiz, J. I., Reyes-Velasco, M. F., & Cruz-Gonzalez, N. (2023). Develop-ment of elite athletes: An approach from the partial least square path modelling. Retos, 48, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.93149
França, F., Pereira, A., Leitão, J., Costa, R., & Silva, M. (2022). Fatores determinantes para a excelência no vôlei de praia: Representações de atletas de elite. Motrivivência, 34(65), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8042.2022.e84706
Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining Adolescent Sport Dropout and Prolonged Engagement from a Developmental Perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802163549
Garcia, R., & Cunha, A. (2016). Jogos Olímpicos. Sob o signo da utopia. Lisboa: Visão e Contextos, Edições e Representações, Lda.
Garcia-Santos, S. C., Almeida, L. da S., & Werlang, B. S. G. (2012). Excelência Humana: A contribuição da personalidade. Paidéia, 22, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000200011
Ghiglione, R., & Matalon, G. (2001). O inquérito: Teoria e prática. (4a Ed.). Oeiras: Celta Editora.
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological Characteristics and Their Development in Olympic Champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
Gould, D., & Maynard, I. (2009). Psychological preparation for the Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1393–1408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903081845
Holt, N., & Dunn, J. (2004). Toward a Grounded Theory of the Psychosocial Competencies and Environmental Conditions Associated with Soccer Success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437949
Holt, N. L., & Mitchell, T. (2006). Talent development in English professional soccer. International Journal of Sport Psycholo-gy, 37(2/3), 77–98.
Leite, N., Santos, S., & Sampaio, J. (2012). Preparação desportiva a longo prazo: Uma abordagem multifatorial. Vila Real: Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
MacNamara, Á., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010). The Role of Psychological Characteristics in Facilitating the Pathway to Elite Performance Part 1: Identifying Mental Skills and Behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, (24), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1123/TSP.24.1.52
Matos, D., Cruz, J., & Almeida, L. (2011). Excelência no desporto: Para uma compreensão da “arquitectura” psicológica dos atletas de elite. Motricidade, 7(4), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.7(4).87
Matos, D., Cruz, J., & Almeida, L. (2017). Excelência no desporto: A importância de fatores pessoais e contextuais no percurso de campeões portugueses. Ibero-American Journal of Exercise and Sports Psychology, 12(2), 287–295.
Minayo, M. C. de S. (2021). Ética das pesquisas qualitativas segundo suas características. Revista Pesquisa Qualitativa, 9(22), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.33361/RPQ.2021.v.9.n.22.506
Nash, C., & Taylor, J. (2021). ‘Just Let Them Play’: Complex Dynamics in Youth Sport, Why It Isn’t So Simple. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Obtido de https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700750
Orlick, T. (2016). In Pursuit of Excellence (5th Edition). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Pereira, A. (2012). Histórias de vida: Um (outro) olhar para o desporto. Em A. Rosado, I. Mesquita, & C. Colaço (Eds.), Desporto e Atividade Física: Métodos e técnicas de investigação qualitativa (pp. 125–148). Cruz-Quebrada: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana.
Pereira, A. (2021). Desporto e a busca da condição humana. Olimpianos - Journal of Olympic Studies, (5), 58–78.
Phillips, E., Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Portus, M. (2010). Expert performance in sport and the dynamics of talent devel-opment. Sports Medicine, 40(4), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319430-000000000-00000
Ruiz Perez, L. M., Sánchez Sánchez, M., Durán Piqueras, J. P., & Jiménez Sánchez, A. C. (2006). Los expertos en el de-porte: Su estudio y análisis desde una perspectiva psicológica. Anales de Psicología, 22(16), 132–142.
Salmela, J., & Moraes, M. (2003). Development of expertise: The role of coaching, families, and cultural contexts. Em J. Starkes & K. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 275–293). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Santos, J. A. R. (2021). Usain Bolt. A “hopeful monster”? A descriptive case study. Retos, 42, 535–548. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.87563
Sarmento, H., Anguera, M. T., Pereira, A., & Araújo, D. (2018). Talent Identification and Development in Male Football: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(4), 907–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0851-7
Stoeber, J., & Becker, C. (2008). Perfectionism, achievement motives, and attribution of success and failure in female soc-cer players. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International De Psychologie, 43(6), 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701403850
Strachan, L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2011). A new view: Exploring positive youth development in elite sport contexts. Qual-itative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 3(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398441.2010.541483
Uehara, L., Button, C., & Davids, K. (2019). Sport expertise development and the constraints-led approach. Conexões, 17. https://doi.org/10.20396/conex.v17i0.8649755
Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Dumais, A., Demers, M.-A., & Rousseau, F. (2008). Passion and perfor-mance attainment in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(3), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.003
Wilson, S. G., & Baker, J. (2021). Exploring the relationship between sleep and expertise in endurance sport athletes. Inter-national Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(5), 866–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1854817
Zimmermann, M. A. (2016). Quando e onde se forma a experiência olímpica do atleta. Revista USP, (110), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i110p79-84
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
