Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre los biomarcadores hepáticos en adultos: revisión sistemática y metanálisis (Effects of Physical Exercise on Hepatic Biomarkers in Adult Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.98939Palabras clave:
ejercicio; enfermedad del higado; enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico; biomarcadores; entrenamiento de resistencia; entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidade.Resumen
Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre biomarcadores hepáticos en individuos adultos. Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática y metanálisis siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA y registrados en PROSPERO (CRD42022337749). Se realizaron búsquedas en MEDLINE (a través de PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science, utilizando los términos de Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "ejercicio", "enfermedades hepáticas" y "biomarcadores". Resultados: Catorce estudios lograron la elegibilidad con un total de 485 participantes. Las intervenciones variaron de cuatro a 12 semanas, con una duración de 24 a 90 minutos por sesión, con tres a cinco sesiones por semana. Las intervenciones con ejercicios aeróbicos y de resistencia, con o sin dispositivo de vibración e implementación de dieta, demostraron una reducción en diferentes biomarcadores hepáticos, como aspartato transferasa (AST), alanina transferasa (ALT), gamma-glutamil transferasa (GGT), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), albúmina (ALB), ferritina (Fe) y bilirrubina indirecta (Bil). Los principales resultados del metanálisis no mostraron diferencias significativas en ALB, GGT, AST y ALP. Sin embargo, hubo una diferencia significativa en ALT (SMD: – 0,41; IC del 95 %: – 0,71 a -0,11; p = 0,008; I2 = 0 %). Conclusión: El ejercicio físico (por ejemplo, entrenamiento de resistencia, entrenamiento aeróbico, entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad) favoreció la reducción de AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, ALB, Fe y Bil. Este estudio apuntó que la práctica regular de ejercicio físico puede ser una estrategia eficaz y recomendable para minimizar los efectos deletéreos de las enfermedades hepáticas.
Palabras clave: ejercicio; enfermedad del higado; enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico; biomarcadores; entrenamiento de resistencia; entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidade.
Abstract. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of physical exercise on hepatic biomarkers in adult individuals. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA recommendations and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022337749). MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched, using the terms of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) “exercise”, “liver diseases”, and “biomarkers”. Results: Fourteen studies achieved eligibility with a total of 485 participants. Interventions ranged from 4 to 12 weeks, lasting 24 to 90 minutes per session, with 3 to 5 sessions per week. Interventions with aerobic and resistance exercises, with or without a vibration device and diet implementation, demonstrated a reduction in different hepatic biomarkers, such as aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), ferritin (Fe), and indirect bilirubin (Bil). The main results of the meta-analysis showed no significant difference in ALB, GGT, AST, and ALP. However, there was a significant difference in ALT (SMD: – 0.41; 95% CI: – 0.71 to -0.11; p = 0.008; I2 = 0%). Conclusion: Physical exercise (e.g., resistance training, aerobic training, high-intensity interval training) favored the reduction of AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, ALB, Fe, and Bil. This study pointed out that the regular practice of physical exercise can be an efficient and recommended strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of liver diseases.
Keywords: exercise; liver disease; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; biomarkers; resistance training; high-intensity interval training.
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