Disparidades de género en el desempeño de pases largos entre jugadores de fútbol de alto nivel: implicaciones para estrategias de entrenamiento inclusivo (Gender disparities in long passing performance among senior football players: implications for inclusive training strategies)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.107155Palabras clave:
Football, Long Pass, Gender Differences, Performance Metrics, KinematicsResumen
Antecedentes: El fútbol, como el deporte más popular a nivel mundial, abarca habilidades fundamentales como el pase elevado, una técnica fundamental que se domina temprano en el desarrollo del jugador. Objetivo del estudio: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las disparidades en el rendimiento de pases largos entre jugadores de fútbol senior masculinos y femeninos. Método y material: Se seleccionó aleatoriamente como sujetos a un total de 74 jugadores de fútbol, incluidos 35 niños y 39 niñas (de 15 a 18 años). Se registró información personal que incluía detalles académicos, edad, altura corporal (cm), peso corporal (kg), IMC (kg/m²), edad de entrenamiento y nivel jugado, junto con métricas de rendimiento futbolístico como: velocidad del balón (km), distancia del balón pateado (m) y distancia de carrera de aproximación (m). La recolección de datos implicó el uso de una pistola de radar Bushnell para pruebas de velocidad y pase largo (Modelo 101911, EE. UU.), una báscula digital para el peso corporal (BEURER Typ 35, Alemania), un estadiómetro para la medición de la altura corporal (SECA 206, Alemania) y una cinta métrica para mediciones de distancia. Análisis estadístico: El análisis de datos empleó estadísticas descriptivas, Media, DE y la Prueba U de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes (p < 0,05). Resultados: Indican discrepancias significativas en las métricas de rendimiento entre niños y niñas mayores. Los niños exhibieron mayor velocidad de la pelota (Media = 79,00 ± 9,36 km) frente a las niñas (Media = 51,62 ± 7,92 km), con una estadística inferencial significativa de p < 0,00. De manera similar, la distancia recorrida por el balón con la patada favoreció a los niños (media = 46,53 ± 51,11 m) frente a las niñas (media = 17,47 ± 9,73 m), nuevamente con una estadística inferencial significativa de p < 0,00. Cabe destacar que las diferencias de género fueron menos pronunciadas en la distancia de carrera de aproximación. Sorprendentemente, la edad, la edad de entrenamiento y el IMC no mostraron correlaciones significativas con las métricas de rendimiento, lo que sugiere otros factores influyentes. Conclusiones: Estos resultados resaltan las notables diferencias en el rendimiento futbolístico entre géneros, destacando la mayor velocidad y fuerza de los niños en las patadas y en la cobertura de la distancia del balón. Mejorar el rendimiento general y la inclusión en el deporte puede depender de abordar estas brechas.
Palabras clave: Fútbol, Pase largo, Diferencias de género, Métricas de rendimiento, Cinemática.
Abstract. Background: Football, as the most popular sport globally, encompasses fundamental skills like the lofted pass, a cornerstone technique mastered early in player development. Purpose study: This study aimed to analyze long passing performance disparities between senior male and female football players. Method and material: A total of 74 football players, comprising 35 boys and 39 girls (ages 15-18 years), were randomly selected as subjects. Personal information including academic details, age, Body height (cm), Body weight (kg), BMI (kg/m²), training age, and level played, alongside football performance metrics such as: Ball speed (km), Kicked ball distance (m) and Approach run distance (m), were recorded. Data collection involved the use of a Bushnell Radar gun for speed tests and long pass (Model 101911, USA), a digital weighing scale for body weight (BEURER Typ 35, Germany), Stadiometer for body height measurement (SECA 206, Germany) and a measuring tape for distance measurements. Statistical analysis: The data analysis employed descriptive statistics, Mean, SD, and the Mann-Whitney U Test for independent samples (p<0.05). Results: Indicate significant discrepancies in performance metrics between senior boys and girls. Boys exhibited greater ball speed (Mean=79.00±9.36km) vs. to girls (Mean=51.62±7.92km), with a significant inferential statistic of p<0.00. Similarly, kicked ball distance favored boys (Mean=46.53±51.11m) vs. over girls (Mean=17.47±9.73m), again with a significant inferential statistic of p<0.00. Notably, gender differences were less pronounced in approach run distance. Surprisingly, age, training age, and BMI showed no significant correlations with performance metrics, suggesting other influential factors. Conclusions: These results highlight the notable differences in football performance between genders, highlighting the greater speed and strength of boys in kicks and ball distance covering. Improving overall performance and inclusivity in the sport may depend on addressing these gaps.
Keywords: Football, Long Pass, Gender Differences, Performance Metrics, Kinematics.
Citas
Ashford, M., Abraham, A., & Poolton, J. (2021). Understanding a player’s decision-making process in team sports: A system-atic review of empirical evidence. Sports, 9(5), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9050065
Barfield, W. R. (1998). The biomechanics of kicking in soccer. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 17(4), 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70113-7
Bartolomei, S., Grillone, G., Di Michele, R., & Cortesi, M. (2021). A comparison between male and female athletes in rela-tive strength and power performances. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010017
Bishop, P., Cureton, K., & Collins, M. (1987). Sex difference in muscular strength in equally-trained men and women. Ergo-nomics, 30(4), 675–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138708969760
Bonney, N., Berry, J., Ball, K., & Larkin, P. (2020). The development of a field-based kicking assessment to evaluate Australian football kicking proficiency. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1647331
Brophy, R. H., Backus, S., Kraszewski, A. P., Steele, B. C., Ma, Y., Osei, D., & Williams, R. J. (2010). Differences between sexes in lower extremity alignment and muscle activation during soccer kick. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 92(11), 2050–2058. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.01547
Cakmak, A., Uzun, A., & Delibas, E. (2018). Computational modeling of pass effectiveness in soccer. Advances in Complex Systems, 21(03n04), 1850010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525918500108
Chaalali, A., Rouissi, M., Chtara, M., Owen, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Moalla, W., Chaouachi, A., Amri, M., & Chamari, K. (2016). Agility training in young elite soccer players: Promising results compared to change of direction drills. Biology of Sport, 33(4), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1217924
Cordón-Carmona, A., García-Aliaga, A., Marquina, M., Calvo, J. L., Mon-López, D., & Refoyo Roman, I. (2020). What is the relevance in the passing action between the passer and the receiver in soccer? Study of elite soccer in La Liga. Internation-al Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249396
Costa, I. T. D., Garganta, J., Greco, P. J., Mesquita, I., & Seabra, A. (2010). Influence of relative age effects and quality of tacti-cal behaviour in the performance of youth soccer players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 10(2), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868504
Davis, J. A., & Brewer, J. (1993). Applied physiology of female soccer players. Sports Medicine, 16(3), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316030-00003
Díez-Fernández, D. M., Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Gazzo, F., Giráldez, J., Villaseca-Vicuña, R., & Gonzalez-Jurado, J. A. (2022). Can the Supido Radar Be Used for Measuring Ball Speed during Soccer Kicking? A Reliability and Concurrent Validity Study of a New Low-Cost Device. Sensors (Basel), 22(18), 7046. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187046
Faude, O., Koch, T., & Meyer, T. (2012). Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional foot-ball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(7), 625–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.665940
Gioldasis, A. (2017). Technical skills according to playing position of male and female soccer players. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 5(25), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS688
Hill, M., Scott, S., McGee, D., & Cumming, S. P. (2021). Are relative age and biological ages associated with coaches’ evalua-tions of match performance in male academy soccer players? International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(2), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120966886
Hunter, S. K., S. Angadi, S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., D. Levine, B., L. Moreau, K., J. Nokoff, N., Stachenfeld, N. S., & Bermon, S. (2023). The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: Consensus state-ment for the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 55(12), 2328–2360. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003300
Izzo, R., Rossin, U., Raiola, G., Cejudo, P. A., & Hosseini, V. C. (2020). Insurgence of fatigue and its implications in the selec-tion and accuracy of passes in football. A case study. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.04269
Kapidžić, A., Huremović, T., & Biberovic, A. (2014). Kinematic analysis of the instep kick in youth soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 42(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0063
Katis, A., Kellis, E., & Lees, A. (2015). Age and gender differences in kinematics of powerful instep kicks in soccer. Sports Biomechanics, 14(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2015.1056221
Khaustov, V., Bogdan, G. M., & Mozgovoy, M. (2019). Pass in human style: Learning soccer game patterns from spatiotem-poral data. 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2019.8848112
Koopmann, T., Faber, I., Baker, J., & Schorer, J. (2020). Assessing technical skills in talented youth athletes: A systematic re-view. Sports Medicine, 50(9), 1593–1611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01299-4
Kozina, Z., Berezhna, Y., Boychuk, Y., Kozin, O., Golenkova, Y., Polishchuk, S., & Sanjaykumar, S. (2024). Assessment of reac-tion speed and nervous system characteristics: Implications for physical exercise selection in humanities students' physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(3), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.03062
Lees, A., Asai, T., Andersen, T. B., Nunome, H., & Sterzing, T. (2010). The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(8), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.481305
Lewis, D. A., Kamon, E., & Hodgson, J. L. (1986). Physiological differences between genders: Implications for sports condi-tioning. Sports Medicine, 3(5), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198603050-00005
McMorris, T. (1997). Performance of soccer players on tests of field dependence/independence and soccer-specific decision-making tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85(2), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.467
Morera, S., Etcheazarra, I., Castellano, J., & Ric, A. (2023). Effect of the periodization model of the competitive microcycle on the training load of young male football players. Retos, 48, 1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.95050
Nicholls, S. B., & Worsfold, P. R. (2016). The observational analysis of elite coaches within youth soccer: The importance of performance analysis. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(6), 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116676109
Oberlin, D. J. (2023). Sex differences and athletic performance. Where do trans individuals fit into sports and athletics based on current research? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1224476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1224476
Paul, D. J., Gabbett, T. J., & Nassis, G. P. (2016). Agility in team sports: Testing, training and factors affecting performance. Sports Medicine, 46(3), 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0428-2
Preljević, A., Špirtović, O., Ahmić, D., Toskić, L., & Zećirović, A. (2020). The relationship between specific motor skills and performance success in football players. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 1, 197. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES200407017P
Putra, A. N., & Sepriadi. (2022). The effect of teaching game approach to improve football passing. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4), 709-715. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100411
Rhodes, D., Valassakis, S., Bortnik, L., Eaves, R., Harper, D., & Alexander, J. (2021). The effect of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations on match outcome of an elite English League Two football team. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189913
Rumi, I., Doewes, R., Umar, F., & Hidayatullah, F. (2022). Development of long passing test instruments in football. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32, 2762–2769. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.12391
Ruscello, B., Esposito, M., Siligato, G., Lunetta, L., Marcelli, L., Pantanella, L., Gabrielli, P. R., & D’ottavio, S. (2020). Gender differences in instep soccer kicking biomechanics, investigated through a 3D human motion tracker system. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(8). https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10676-5
Sakamoto, K., & Asai, T. (2013). Comparison of kicking motion characteristics at ball impact between female and male soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.1.63
Sakamoto, K., Sasaki, R., Hong, S., Matsukura, K., & Asai, T. (2014). Comparison of kicking speed between female and male soccer players. Procedia Engineering, 72, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.011
Scharfen, H.-E., & Memmert, D. (2021). Fundamental relationships of executive functions and physiological abilities with game intelligence, game time and injuries in elite soccer players. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-360885/v1
Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Scienc-es, 24(9), 919–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109
Sokoli, B., Ibrahimi, G., & Jahaj, Q. (2020). Differences in short and long passes of midfield footballers. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.02.019
Swamynathan, S., Navaraj Chelliah, J. R., & Ponnusamy Yoga Lakshmi. (2024). The Effects of Psychological Interventions on Menstrual Health in Exercising Women: A Comprehensive Experimental Study. Physical Rehabilitation and Recreational Health Technologies, 9(2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2024-9(2).01
Worsey, M., Jones, B., Cervantes, A., Chauvet, S., Thiel, D., & Espinosa, H. (2020). Assessment of head impacts and muscle activity in soccer using a T3 inertial sensor and a portable electromyography (EMG) system: A preliminary study. Elec-tronics, 9(5), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050834
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess