Variación de la condición física e impacto de la COVID-19 en adultos jóvenes colombianos: Un estudio retrospectivo observacional de 11 años (Variation in physical fitness and the impact of COVID-19 in young Colombian adults: An 11-year observational retrospective study)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107090Palabras clave:
Temporal trends, COVID-19, Physical Fitness, Maximal Oxigen Peak, Physical ActivityResumen
Introducción. Los bajos niveles de actividad física (AF) se han convertido en uno de los principales problemas de la sociedad. La forma física es un factor predictivo de la salud. Objetivo. El presente estudio investiga los cambios temporales en la potencia de las extremidades inferiores, la velocidad de carrera, la flexibilidad y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria antes y después de COVID-19. Material y método. Se recogieron datos transversales de 2.942 jóvenes (17-21 años) de ambos sexos entre 2011 y 2022. Se analizó el rendimiento en relación a la fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores basada en el salto de longitud de pie (SLJ), la flexibilidad (Sit-and-Reach), la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria (20 m Shuttle Run Test) y la velocidad (SP-30 m). Los resultados indican descensos significativos (p<0,001), fuertes y moderados (ES = 0,45 a 1,45), en la carrera de lanzadera en la mayoría de los periodos para los jóvenes de ambos sexos, aunque el descenso en el rendimiento de las mujeres fue el doble que en el de los hombres. El SLJ también mostró una disminución significativa (p<0,001) débil y moderada (ES = 0,07 a 1,86) en la mayoría de los períodos, con una disminución más fuerte en los hombres. La prueba de sentarse y alcanzar no demostró diferencias significativas por sexo o período. En la SP-30 m, se observaron disminuciones significativas (p<0,001) débiles (ES = 0,12) en el tiempo de carrera sólo para los hombres entre 2011-2022, mientras que hubo aumentos significativos (p<0,001) fuertes (ES = 1,8-2,0) para las mujeres en algunos períodos. Conclusiones. La pandemia silenciosa de inactividad física y conductas sedentarias ha tenido un efecto mayor que el COVID-19 en los niveles de inactividad física y conductas sedentarias. Los resultados de este estudio indican una reducción gradual y sostenida de la aptitud física de los adultos jóvenes a lo largo de la última década, que fue mayor que la causada por el confinamiento debido a la pandemia COVID-19. Esto indica que el nivel de aptitud física es tan bajo que el confinamiento no generó efectos significativos en la reducción de la aptitud física en la población de adultos jóvenes. En otras palabras, la pandemia silenciosa de inactividad física y conductas sedentarias ha tenido un efecto mayor que el COVID-19 sobre los niveles de inactividad física y conductas sedentarias.
Palabras clave: Tendencias temporales, COVID-19, Aptitud física, Pico máximo de oxígeno, Estiramientos.
Abstract. Introduction. Low levels of physical activity (PA) have become one of society's major problems. Physical fitness is a predictor of health. Objective. The present study investigates temporary changes in lower limb power, running speed, flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness before and after COVID-19. Material & Method. Cross-sectional data were collected from 2.942 young people (17-21 years old) of both sexes between 2011 and 2022. Performance was analyzed in relation to the explosive strength of the lower limbs based on standing long jump (SLJ), flexibility (sit-and-reach), cardiorespiratory resistance (20 m Shuttle Run Test) and speed (SP-30 m). Results.The results indicate significant (p<0.001) strong and moderate (ES = 0.45 to 1.45) decreases in the shuttle run in most periods for young people of both sexes, although the decline in women’s performance was twice that of men. The SLJ also showed a significant (p<0.001) weak and moderate (ES = 0.07-1.86) decrease in most periods, with a stronger decline in men. The sit-and-reach test did not demonstrate significant differences by either sex or period. In the SP-30 m, significant (p<0.001) weak (ES = 0.12) decreases were observed in the race time for men only between 2011-2022, while there were significant (p<0.001) strong (ES = 1.8-2.0) increases for women in some periods. Conclusions. The silent pandemic of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors has had a greater effect than COVID-19 on levels of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. The results of this study indicate a gradual and sustained reduction in the physical fitness of young adults throughout the past decade, which was greater than that caused by confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This indicates that the level of physical fitness is so low that confinement did not generate significant effects on the reduction in physical fitness in the young adult population. In other words, the silent pandemic of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors has had a greater effect than COVID-19 on levels of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors.
Keywords: Temporal trends, COVID-19, Physical fitness, Maximal oxygen peak, Stretching.
Citas
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