Efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la capacidad física funcional y activación muscular en un grupo de adultos mayores (Effects of two strength training programs on functional physical capacity and muscle activation in a group of older adults)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.99901Palabras clave:
Adulto mayor, capacidad funcional, fuerza, condición físicaResumen
El presente estudio tuvo como propósito identificar los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza (EF), en dos grupos de adultos de 60 a 75 años. Un grupo entrenó con una carga de 70% de 1RM (G70%, n =10); y otro con una carga de 40% de 1RM (G40%, n = 9). El EF tuvo una duración de ocho semanas y una frecuencia de 3 sesiones por semana, con una hora de duración. Se evaluó la fuerza máxima (1RM), velocidad media propulsiva (VMP), la capacidad funcional y la activación neuromuscular antes y después del EF. Los resultados muestran un mejor desempeño post intervención en el G40%, en la capacidad funcional: agilidad (13,8% vs. 8,38%), marcha de 2 minutos (17,5% vs. 11,7%), sentadillas durante 30 segundos (44,6% vs. 33,9%), velocidad de la marcha (27,4% vs. 20,1%); en la fuerza máxima de 1RM (46,3% vs. 40,1%), la VMP con 40% de 1RM (38,9% vs. 37,3%), VMP con 70% de 1RM (43,2% vs. 36,4%) y VMP con 1RM (92% vs. 62,1%). Sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la activación neuromuscular para ambos grupos. El presente estudio sugiere que el entrenamiento de fuerza en una población de adultos mayores realizado a alta velocidad es más eficiente en variables como la capacidad física funcional, fuerza máxima, velocidad de ejecución y activación neuromuscular.
Palabras clave: adulto mayor, capacidad funcional, fuerza, condición física
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two resistance strength training (RST) programs in two groups of adults aged 60 to 75 years. One group trained with a load of 70% of 1RM (G70%, n = 10); and another with a load of 40% of 1RM (G40%, n = 9). The RST lasted eight weeks and a frequency of 3 sessions per week, lasting one hour. Maximum strength (1RM), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), functional capacity, and neuromuscular activation were evaluated before and after RST. The results show a better post-intervention performance in G40%, in functional capacity: agility (13.8% vs. 8.38%), 2-minute march (17.5% vs. 11.7%), squats for 30 seconds (44.6% vs. 33.9%), gait speed (27.4% vs. 20.1%), maximum strength (1RM: 46.3% vs. 40.1%), MPV with 40% of 1RM (38.9% vs. 37.3%), MPV with 70% of 1RM (43.2% vs. 36.4%) and MPV with 1RM (92% vs. 62.1%). No statistically significant differences in neuromuscular activation for both groups. The present study suggests that strength training in a population of older adults performed at high speed is more efficient in variables such as functional capacity, maximum strength, speed of execution, and neuromuscular activation.
Key words: older adults, functional capacity, strength, physical condition
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