ARTICLE RETRACTED DUE TO PLAGIARISM BY THE AUTHOR Sensitive periods of flexibility development at school age
ARTICLE RETRACTED DUE TO PLAGIARISM BY THE AUTHOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.106243Keywords:
Physical education, Physical exercises, Joint mobility, Muscle stretching, Physical education.Abstract
The objective is to identify sensitive periods for the accentuated development of flexibility of schoolchildren. Methods: the scientific research was conducted on the basis of 60 schools in the city of Kirov, in Russia from September 14, 2022 to May 22, 2023. The pedagogical experiment involved 1,217 children (579 boys and 638 girls) from grades 1 to 11 of secondary school number 60 Kirov, Russia. Each lesson in the discipline "Physical education" lasted 40 minutes and took place 3 times a week. All students were engaged in the usual physical education program at school. All students took the tests at the beginning and at the end of the school year. The level of flexibility development was determined by the test "Leaning forward from a standing position on a gymnastic bench." Excel was used to process the results of the study, the Biostatistics-2022 program determined the reliability of the results of the T-Student study. Results: After the end of the study, the average indicators in each age group increased during the academic year. In the indicators of boys from the beginning to the end of the study, there was a significant and significant increase in flexibility indicators in the second grade (+15%), in the third grade (+17%) and in the fourth grade (+15%). In girls, a significant increase in the value is noted in the third grade (+16%), fifth grade (+14%) and sixth grade (+15%). In other age periods, there is not a significant increase in flexibility indicators (p>0.05). Conclusion: As a result of this large-scale study, it can be argued that the targeted development of flexibility should be in boys aged 8 to 11 years, and in girls aged 9-10 years, 11-12 years and 12-13 years.
Keywords: Physical exercises, Joint mobility, Muscle stretching, Physical education.
References
Alberty, R., & Čillík, I. (2023). Effect of after‐school physical activity on body composition in primary school children: The Slovak “PAD” project. Physiological Reports, 11(1), e15540. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15540
Aliss, E. M., Sutaih, R. H., Kamfar, H. Z., Alagha, A. E., & Marzouki, Z. M. (2020). Physical activity pattern and its relationship with overweight and obesity in Saudi children. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 7(4), 181-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.03.007
Chen, P., Wang, D., Shen, H., Yu, L., Gao, Q., Mao, L., ... & Li, F. (2020). Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020). British journal of sports medicine. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102261
de Bruijn, A. G., Mombarg, R., & Timmermans, A. C. (2022). The importance of satisfying children’s basic psychological needs in primary school physical education for PE-motivation, and its relations with fundamental motor and PE-related skills. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(4), 422-439. DOI: 10.1080/17408989.2021.1906217
Di Maglie, A., Marsigliante, S., My, G., Colazzo, S., Muscella, A. (2022). Effects of a physical activity intervention on schoolchildren fitness. Physiological reports, e15115. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15115
Doskarayev, B., Iskakova, A., & Syzdykova, S. (2023). Form of physical training in educational institutions (club system). Retos, 50, 1224–1231. Retrieved from https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/view/100247
Drouven, M. G., Grossmann, I. E. (2016). Multi-period planning, design, and strategic models for long-term, quality-sensitive shale gas development. AIChE J., 62(7):2296-23. doi:10.1002/aic.15174.
Ferreira, F. M., Abrantes Farias, M., & Dittrich Wiggers, I. (2022). Knowledge acquisition during physical education classes: “i am fat and i succeeded, ok!”. Retos, 46, 668–676. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.94216
Goldfield, G. S., Harvey, A., Grattan, K., & Adamo, K. B. (2012). Physical activity promotion in the preschool years: a critical period to intervene. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(4), 1326-1342. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9041326
Guzhalovskiy, A. A. (1986). Fundamentals of the theory and methodology of physical education: Textbook for institutes of physical culture. Moscow, Russia: Fizicheskaya kultura i Sport.
Haynes, W. (2013). Student’s t-Test. In: Dubitzky, W., Wolkenhauer, O., Cho, KH., Yokota, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1184
Heradstveit, O., Haugland, S., Hysing, M., Stormark, K. M., Sivertsen, B., & Bøe, T. (2020). Physical inactivity, non-participation in sports and socioeconomic status: A large population-based study among Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09141-2
Hu, D., Zhou, S., Crowley-McHattan, Z. J., & Liu, Z. (2021). Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3147. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063147
Kabanov, Y. M., Venskovich, D. A., Trushchenko, V. V., & Koloshkina, V. A. (2019). Sensitive periods in human ontogenesis. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (12), 4-4.
Kainov, A. N., & Kuryerova, G. I. (2019). Working programs. Physical culture. Grades 1-11. A comprehensive program of physical education for school children. Moscow, Russia: Teacher.
Kamandulis, S., Emeljanovas, A., Skurvydas, A. (2013). Stretching exercise volume for flexibility enhancement in secondary school children. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 53(6): 687-692.
Kholodov, Zh. K., & Kuznetsov, V. S. (2018). Theory and methodology of physical culture and sports. Textbook for universities. Moscow, Russia: Academia.
Lagunes-Carrasco, J. O., García, L. E. C., López-García, R., Legaz-Arrese, A., Navarro-Orocio, R., & Ramírez-López, E. (2022). A three-compartment model of body composition for validating an anthropometric equation to estimate fatness in football players. Retos, 46, 404–410. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93737
Lopes, L., Povoas, S., Mota, J., Okely, A. D., Coelho‐e‐Silva, M. J., Cliff, D. P., Santos, R. (2017). Flexibility is associated with motor competence in schoolchildren. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 27(12):1806-1813. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12789
Mannocci, A., D’Egidio, V., Backhaus, I., Federici, A., Sinopoli, A., Ramirez Varela, A., ... & La Torre, G. (2020). Are there effective interventions to increase physical activity in children and young people? An umbrella review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3528. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103528
Mărcuș, O., Martins, E. C., Sassu, R., Visu-Petra, L. (2022). On the importance of being flexible: Early interrelations between affective flexibility, executive functions and anxiety symptoms in preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care, 192(6), 914-931. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1816995
Martin, D. (1980). Grundlagen der Trainingslehre. Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hoffmann.
Matveev, L. P. (2021). Theory and methodology of physical culture. Textbook. Moscow, Russia: Sport.
Mayorga Vega, D., Merino Marban, R., Vera Estrada, F., Viciana, J. (2014). Effect of a short-term physical education-based flexibility program on hamstring and lumbar extensibility and its posterior reduction in primary schoolchildren. Kinesiology, 46(2): 227-233.
Meinel, K., & Schnabel, G. (1976). Bewegungslehre. Berlin: Volk und Wissen.
Merino-Marban, R., Mayorga-Vega, D., Fernandez-Rodriguez, E., Estrada, F. V., Viciana, J. (2015). Effect of a physical education-based stretching programme on sit-and-reach score and its posterior reduction in elementary schoolchildren. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X14550942
Mikaelsson, K., Rutberg, S., Lindqvist, A. K., & Michaelson, P. (2020). Physically inactive adolescents’ experiences of engaging in physical activity. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 22(4), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2019.1567808
Mishra, P., Singh, U., Pandey, C. M., Mishra, P., Pandey, G. (2019). Application of student's t-test, analysis of variance, and covariance. Ann Card Anaesth, 22(4):407-411. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_94_19.
Mocanu, G. D., & Dobrescu, T. (2021). Improving upper body flexibility in students through various types of stretching during physical education lessons. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(3), 1533-1543. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.03195
Moreira, R. F. C., Akagi, F. H., Wun, P. Y. L., Moriguchi, C. S., Sato, T.O. (2012). Effects of a school based exercise program on children’s resistance and flexibility. Work, 41(Supplement 1), 922-928.
Muyor, J. M., Zemková, E., Štefániková, G., Kotyra, M. (2014). Concurrent validity of clinical tests for measuring hamstring flexibility in school age children. International journal of sports medicine, 664-669. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353217
Oberle, E., Ji, X. R., Kerai, S., Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Gadermann, A. M. (2020). Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: A population-level study. Preventive Medicine, 141, 106291. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106291
Odintsova, M. O., Yankevich, I. E., Yaroshinskaya, A. P., Odintsov, A. S. (2023). The influence of acrobatic gymnastics on physical qualities development among 7-9 year-old schoolchildren, Russian Journal of Physical education and sport, 18(1), 51-55.
Ospankulov, Y. E., Nurgaliyeva, S., Kunai, S., Baigaliev, A. M., Kaldyhanovna, K. R. (2022). Using Physical Education Lessons to Develop the Autonomy of Primary School Children. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(2), 601-614.
Pérez Vigo, C., Myller, K., Sánchez, A., Ayan, C. (2022). Improving hamstring flexibility through physical education based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Number is missing Arch. med. deporte, 39(1), 50-61. doi: 10.18176/archmeddeporte.00074
Piñeiro-Cossio, J., Fernández-Martínez, A., Nuviala, A., & Pérez-Ordás, R. (2021). Psychological wellbeing in physical education and school sports: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 864. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030864
Robles, A., Zapata-Lamana, R., Gutiérrez, M. A., Cigarroa, I., Nazar, G., Salas-Bravo, C., Sánchez–López, M., & Reyes-Molina, D. (2023). Psychological outcomes of classroom-based physical activity interventions in children 6- to 12-year-olds: A scoping review. Retos, 48, 388–400. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.96211
Schwanke, N. L., Pohl, H. H., Reuter, C. P., Borges, T. S., de Souza, S., Burgos, M. S. (2016). Differences in body posture, strength and flexibility in schoolchildren with overweight and obesity: A quasi-experimental study. Manual Therapy, 22:138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.11.004.
Solodkov, A. S., & Sologub, E. B. (2018). Human Physiology. General. Sports. Age group. Textbook. Moscow, Russia: Sport.
Terrón-Pérez, M., Molina-García, J., Martínez-Bello, V. E., & Queralt, A. (2021). Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity levels in preschool children: a systematic review. Current Environmental Health Reports, 8(2), 177-195. DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00318-4
Villodres, G. C., Salvador-Pérez, F., & Muros, J. J. (2023). Healthy habits in children. Before, during and after con-finement due to COVID-19. Retos, 50, 620–627. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99913
Volkov, N. I. (1986). Biochemistry of sports. In: «Biochemistry». Moscow: FiS.
Volmut, T., Pišot, R., Planinšec, J., & Šimunič, B. (2021). Physical activity drops during summer holidays for 6-to 9-year-old children. Frontiers in public health, 8, 631141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.631141
World Health Organisation [WHO], 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
