Períodos sensitivos para el desarrollo de la resistencia de los escolares (Sensitive periods for the development of endurance of schoolchildren)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.104093Palabras clave:
Physical culture, Physical qualities, Aerobic abilities, health of schoolchildren, Favorable periods, School curriculumResumen
El objetivo del estudio es determinar los períodos de edad favorables para el desarrollo de la resistencia en escolares de 7 a 18 años. Métodos: del 15 de septiembre de 2022 al 23 de mayo de 2023, en el estudio pedagógico participaron un total de 1215 escolares de los grados 1-11 de la escuela de educación general de la ciudad de Kirov en Rusia. Los indicadores se tomaron en cuenta en 578 niños y 637 niñas de 7 a 18 años que asistieron a clases de educación física en la escuela pero no practicaron deportes. Todos los estudiantes participaron en un programa de educación física estándar en la escuela 3 veces a la semana durante 40 minutos. El nivel de desarrollo de la resistencia en los escolares al principio y al final del estudio se determinó a partir de la prueba de Cooper de 6 minutos. En el procesamiento estadístico de los resultados se utilizaron los programas Excel y Biostatistica 2022. Resultados: después del final del estudio, se encontró un aumento confiable en los indicadores de resistencia en niños de 2º grado y 8º a 11º grado, los datos de resistencia mejoraron en promedio en un 12-16% (p<0,05). En las niñas, se encontró un aumento confiable en los indicadores de resistencia en los grados 2, y de los grados 9 a 11, los resultados en la prueba de Cooper fueron más altos en un 12-15% (p<0,05). También se registraron aumentos altos en los indicadores de resistencia en niños y niñas en los grados 4 8% y 9%, respectivamente (p>0,05). Conclusiones: de acuerdo con los resultados del estudio, podemos decir que el período favorable para el desarrollo de la resistencia en los niños es la edad de 8-9 años y de 14 a 18 años, y en las niñas de 8-9 años y de 15 a 18 años. Además, se observa una alta manifestación de indicadores de resistencia a la edad de 10-11 años tanto en niños como en niñas.
Palabras clave: Desarrollo Físico, Niños, Entrenamiento de Resistencia, Períodos Sensibles, Educación Física.
Abstract. The aim of the study is to determine favorable age periods for the development of endurance in schoolchildren aged 7-18 years. Methods: from September 15, 2022 to May 23, 2023, schoolchildren of grades 1-11 in the number of 1,215 children from a comprehensive school in the city of Kirov in Russia participated in the pedagogical study. The indicators were taken into account for 578 boys and 637 girls aged 7-18 who attended physical education classes at school but did not play sports. All students were engaged in physical education according to the standard program at school 3 times a week for 40 minutes. The level of endurance development in schoolchildren at the beginning and at the end of the study was determined by a 6-minute Cooper test. Excel and Biostatistica 2022 programs were used for statistical processing of the results. Results: after the end of the study, a significant increase in endurance indicators was revealed in boys from grades 2 and from grades 8 to 11, endurance data improved on average by 12-16% (p<0.05). In girls, a significant increase in endurance indicators was detected in grades 2, and from grades 9 to 11, the results in the Cooper test were 12-15% higher (p<0.05). Also, a high increase in endurance indicators was recorded in boys and girls in grades 4, 8% and 9%, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusions: according to the results of the study, we can say that a favorable period for the development of endurance in boys is the age of 8-9 years and from 14 to 18 years, and in girls 8-9 years and from 15 to 18 years. Also, a high manifestation of endurance indicators is observed at the age of 10-11 years in both boys and girls.
Keywords: Physical Development, Children, Endurance Training, Sensitive Periods, Physical Education.
Citas
Abdullaevich, Z. A. (2023). Development of Endurance Qualities of Young Football Players with The Help of Types of Athletics Running. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Business Development, 1(9), 7-12.
Aliss, E. M., Sutaih, R. H., Kamfar, H. Z., Alagha, A. E., & Marzouki, Z. M. (2020). Physical activity pattern and its relationship with overweight and obesity in Saudi children. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Med-icine, 7(4), 181-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.03.007
Alvero-Cruz, J. R., García, M. G., & Carnero, E. A. (2017). Reliability and accuracy of Cooper's test in male long distance runners. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 10(2), 60-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2016.03.001
Azevedo, R. D. A., Silva-Cavalcante, M. D., Lima-Silva, A. E., & Bertuzzi, R. (2021). Fatigue development and per-ceived response during self-paced endurance exercise: state-of-the-art review. European journal of applied physi-ology, 121, 687-696. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04549-5
Beets, M. W., Weaver, R. G., Turner-McGrievy, G., Huberty, J., Moore, J. B., Ward, D. S., ... & Freedman, D. (2020). Are We There Yet? Compliance with Physical Activity Standards in YMCA Afterschool Programs. Child-hood Obesity, 16(1), 8-18.
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2019). High-Intensity Interval Training, Solutions to the Programming Puzzle. Sports Medicine, 49(S1), 5-30.
Chen, P., Wang, D., Shen, H., Yu, L., Gao, Q., Mao, L., ... & Li, F. (2020). Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020). British journal of sports medicine. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102261
de Bruijn, A. G., Mombarg, R., & Timmermans, A. C. (2022). The importance of satisfying children’s basic psycho-logical needs in primary school physical education for PE-motivation, and its relations with fundamental motor and PE-related skills. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(4), 422-439. DOI: 10.1080/17408989.2021.1906217
Doma, K., Deakin, G. B., Schumann, M., & Bentley, D. J. (2019). Training considerations for optimising endurance development: an alternate concurrent training perspective. Sports medicine, 49, 669-682.
Doskarayev, B., Iskakova, A., & Syzdykova, S. (2023). Form of physical training in educational institutions (club sys-tem). Retos, 50, 1224–1231. Retrieved from https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/view/100247
Faigenbaum, A. D., Westcott, W. L., Loud, R. L., & Long, C. (1999). The effects of different resistance training pro-tocols on muscular strength and endurance development in children. Pediatrics, 104(1), e5-e5. DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.1.e5
Ferreira, F. M., Abrantes Farias, M., & Dittrich Wiggers, I. (2022). Knowledge acquisition during physical education classes: “i am fat and i succeeded, ok!”. Retos, 46, 668–676. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.94216
Goldfield, G. S., Harvey, A., Grattan, K., & Adamo, K. B. (2012). Physical activity promotion in the preschool years: a critical period to intervene. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(4), 1326-1342. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9041326
Guba VP, Bulikina LV, Achkasov EE, Bezuglov EN. Sensitive periods of children's development. Definition of sports talent. Moscow, Russia: Sport, 2021; p. 176.
Guzhalovskiy AA. Fundamentals of the theory and methodology of physical education: Textbook for institutes of phys-ical culture. Moscow, Russia: Fizicheskaya kultura i Sport, 1986; p. 351.
Heradstveit, O., Haugland, S., Hysing, M., Stormark, K. M., Sivertsen, B., & Bøe, T. (2020). Physical inactivity, non-participation in sports and socioeconomic status: A large population-based study among Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09141-2
Hu, D., Zhou, S., Crowley-McHattan, Z. J., & Liu, Z. (2021). Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective. Interna-tional journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3147. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063147
Jaakkola, T., Yli‐Piipari, S., Huotari, P., Watt, A., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skills and physi-cal fitness as predictors of physical activity: A 6‐year follow‐up study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(1), 74-81. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12407
Kabanov, Y. M., Venskovich, D. A., Trushchenko, V. V., & Koloshkina, V. A. (2019). Sensitive periods in human ontogenesis. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (12), 4-4.
Kainov AN, Kuryerova GI. Working programs. Physical culture. Grades 1-11. A comprehensive program of physical education for school children. Moscow, Russia: Teacher, 2019; p. 169.
Khakimovich, K. S., & Soyibjon, I. M. (2023). Development of Students' Endurance Quality in Physical Culture Clas-ses (in the Case of Grades 5-6). Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development, 2(5), 181-183.
Kholodov ZhK, Kuznetsov VS. Theory and methodology of physical culture and sports. Textbook for universities. Moscow, Russia: Academia, 2018; p. 496.
Kuramshin YuF. Theory and methodology of physical culture: Textbook. Moscow, Russia: Sport, 2021; p. 464.
Lagunes-Carrasco, J. O., García, L. E. C., López-García, R., Legaz-Arrese, A., Navarro-Orocio, R., & Ramírez-López, E. (2022). A three-compartment model of body composition for validating an anthropometric equation to estimate fatness in football players. Retos, 46, 404–410. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93737
Mannocci, A., D’Egidio, V., Backhaus, I., Federici, A., Sinopoli, A., Ramirez Varela, A., ... & La Torre, G. (2020). Are there effective interventions to increase physical activity in children and young people? An umbrella review. In-ternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3528. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103528
Matveev LP. Theory and methodology of physical culture. Textbook. Moscow, Russia: Sport, 2021; p. 520.
Mikaelsson, K., Rutberg, S., Lindqvist, A. K., & Michaelson, P. (2020). Physically inactive adolescents’ experiences of engaging in physical activity. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 22(4), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2019.1567808
Mikkonen, R. S., Ihalainen, J. K., Hackney, A. C., & Häkkinen, K. (2023). Perspectives on Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training in Healthy Adult Females: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01955-5
Nazirjonovich, K. Z. (2023). Improving endurance from physical qualities in student youth. Open Access Repository, 9(9), 115-118.
Oberle, E., Ji, X. R., Kerai, S., Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Gadermann, A. M. (2020). Screen time and ex-tracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: A population-level study. Preventive Medicine, 141, 106291. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106291
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Labayen, I., Kwak, L., Harro, J., Oja, L., ... & Sjöström, M. (2018). Sleep duration and activity levels in Estonian and Swedish children and adolescents. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(10), 2047-2058.
Piñeiro-Cossio, J., Fernández-Martínez, A., Nuviala, A., & Pérez-Ordás, R. (2021). Psychological wellbeing in physi-cal education and school sports: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 864. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030864
Robles, A., Zapata-Lamana, R., Gutiérrez, M. A., Cigarroa, I., Nazar, G., Salas-Bravo, C., Sánchez–López, M., & Reyes-Molina, D. (2023). Psychological outcomes of classroom-based physical activity interventions in children 6- to 12-year-olds: A scoping review. Retos, 48, 388–400. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.96211
Rozmatovich, U. S., & Maftuna, I. (2022). Development of students'endurance in physical culture lessons. Asia pacific journal of marketing & management review, 11(10), 102-106.
Sanjar, U., & Maftuna, I. (2022). Developing students'endurance quality in physical education classes (on the example of grades 5-6). International journal of research in commerce, it, engineering and social sciences, 16(06), 24-28.
Sigal, R. J., Alberga, A. S., Goldfield, G. S., Prud'homme, D., Hadjiyannakis, S., Gougeon, R., ... & Kenny, G. P. (2018). Effects of Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Both on Percentage Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Obese Adolescents: The Healthy Eating Aerobic and Resistance Training in Youth Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), e183621.
Solodkov AS, Sologub EB. Human Physiology. General. Sports. Age group. Textbook. Moscow, Russia: Sport, 2018; p. 624.
Terrón-Pérez, M., Molina-García, J., Martínez-Bello, V. E., & Queralt, A. (2021). Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity levels in preschool children: a systematic review. Current Environmental Health Reports, 8(2), 177-195. DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00318-4
Toshboyeva, M. B. (2022). Wellness exercises for human endurance development. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(4), 1214-1220.
Vale, S., Santos, R., Soares‐Miranda, L., Silva, P., & Mota, J. (2011). The importance of physical education classes in pre‐school children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 47(1‐2), 48-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01890.x
Villodres, G. C., Salvador-Pérez, F., & Muros, J. J. (2023). Healthy habits in children. Before, during and after con-finement due to COVID-19. Retos, 50, 620–627. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99913
Volmut, T., Pišot, R., Planinšec, J., & Šimunič, B. (2021). Physical activity drops during summer holidays for 6-to 9-year-old children. Frontiers in public health, 8, 631141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.631141
Yuliandra, R., & Fahrizqi, E. B. (2020). Development of endurance with the ball exercise model in basketball games. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 61-72. DOI: 10.33503/jp.jok.v4i1.980
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
