Efecto de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico en pacientes sobrevivientes de cáncer (Effect of an aerobic exercise programme in cancer survivors)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.104980Palabras clave:
Cicloergómetro, Entrenamiento, Consumo máximo de oxígeno, Cáncer, MujeresResumen
El cáncer es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, siendo sus principales factores de riesgo el envejecimiento y los estilos de vida poco saludables. Los pacientes con cáncer requieren de tratamientos intensos y prolongados que provocan un deterioro de su calidad de vida. La práctica de ejercicio físico ha sido identificada como una de las estrategias fundamentales en el campo de la prevención del cáncer siendo, a su vez, una terapia coadyuvante para la rehabilitación integral. El propósito de este estudio es determinar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico sobre la capacidad funcional, composición corporal, función hemodinámica y calidad de vida, en pacientes sobrevivientes de cáncer. La muestra estuvo formada por 22 mujeres (54,2 ± 10,9 años, peso 71,3 ± 10,4 kg, altura 157,8 ± 4 cm) que participaron en el Proyecto Ejercicio Físico para Pacientes con Cáncer (EFIPACA), de la Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI) de la Universidad Nacional (UNA). El programa de entrenamiento aeróbico individualizado tuvo una duración de 16 semanas, con una frecuencia de tres veces por semana, cada sesión iniciaba con una fase de movilidad articular, una fase de calentamiento de 5 minutos a muy baja intensidad en banda sin fin o cicloergómetro, y una parte principal de ejercicio aeróbico en banda sin fin y en cicloergómetro, con una duración de 30 a 50 minutos, a una intensidad del 50% hasta el 85% del VO2máx de reserva. Al finalizar se tenía una fase de recuperación de 2 minutos a muy baja intensidad y se realizaba un pequeño estiramiento de miembros inferiores y superiores. Los pacientes supervivientes de cáncer que realizan ejercicio físico de forma continuada presentan mejorías en la reducción del peso y del IMC. La participación en el programa produce una mejoría en la percepción de la calidad de vida, así como un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea. Por ello se recomienda desarrollar sesiones de impacto con carga de peso para mejorar la aptitud física, evitar fracturas o problemas óseos y mejorar la calidad de vida.
Palabras Claves: Cicloergómetro; Entrenamiento; Consumo máximo de oxígeno; Cáncer; Mujeres.
Abstract. Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with aging and unhealthy lifestyles being the main risk factors. Cancer patients require intense and prolonged treatments that lead to a deterioration in their quality of life. The practice of physical exercise has been identified as one of the fundamental strategies in the field of cancer prevention, being, at the same time, a coadjuvant therapy for comprehensive rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an aerobic exercise program on functional capacity, body composition, hemodynamic function, and quality of life in cancer survivors. The sample consisted of 22 women (54.2 ± 10.9 years, weight 71.3 ± 10.4 kg, height 157.8 ± 4 cm) who participated in the Physical Exercise for Cancer Patients Project (EFIPACA) of the School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI) of the National University (UNA). The individualized aerobic training program lasted 16 weeks, with a frequency of three times a week, each session began with a joint mobility phase, a warm-up phase of 5 minutes at very low intensity on a treadmill or cycloergometer, and a main part of aerobic exercise on a treadmill and cycloergometer, lasting 30 to 50 minutes, at an intensity of 50% to 85% of VO2max reserve. In the end, there was a 2-minute recovery phase at very low intensity and a short stretching of the lower and upper limbs. Cancer survivors who engage in continuous physical exercise show improvements in weight and BMI reduction. Participation in the program produces an improvement in the perception of quality of life, as well as an increase in bone mineral density. It is therefore recommended to develop weight-bearing impact sessions to improve physical fitness, avoid fractures or bone problems and improve quality of life.
Key words: Cycloergometer; Training; Maximal oxygen uptake; Cancer; Women.
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