Relação da formação formal na liderança dos treinadores e na autodeterminação e bem-estar dos atletas com deficiência intelectual (Relationship of formal training on coaches’ leadership and self-determination and well-being of athletes with intellectual disabilities) (Relación de la formación reglada con el liderazgo y la autodeterminación de los entrenadores y el bienestar de los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual)

Autores

  • Pedro Rui Inês Pires Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, España. Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8395-0092
  • Marco Batista Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Portugal. Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-2472
  • Helena Mesquita Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco. Portugal. Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU). Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Nova (CISC.NOVA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-9856
  • Sergio J. Ibáñez Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, España. Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-4086

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93064

Palavras-chave:

Liderança; Desporto Adaptado; Deficiência Intelectual; Treinadores; Atletas; Autodeterminação; Necessidades Psicológicas básica; Satisfação com a vida; Afetos

Resumo

Os treinadores são amplamente reconhecidos como um dos agentes sociais mais importantes no panorama desportivo. Torna-se fundamental analisar a relação entre treinador- atleta, uma vez que esta é primordial para atletas com deficiência intelectual. O estudo tem como principal objetivo identificar a liderança dos treinadores, conhecer o grau de autodeterminação, necessidades psicológicas básicas, satisfação com a vida e afetos dos atletas com deficiência intelectual e analisar a relação da formação formal dos treinadores nas variáveis referidas anteriormente. A investigação foi descritiva e de corte transversal, com uma amostra constituída por 50 treinadores e 94 desportistas do universo dos Special Olympics Portugal. Foram utilizados vários instrumentos para medir a liderança, a autodeterminação, as necessidades psicológicas básicas, a satisfação com a vida e os afetos. Perante os resultados obtidos, constata-se que a liderança dos treinadores se perceciona como uma liderança tendencialmente mais para o reforço e treino-instrução. Os atletas demostram ter uma motivação autónoma para o desporto e privilegiam a autonomia proporcionada pela atividade desportiva. Estas premissas permitem que os atletas apresentem valores elevados de satisfação com a vida e afetos positivos. Em suma, o desporto para os atletas com deficiência intelectual tem um efeito transformador, não só no contexto desportivo como social.

Abstract. Coaches are widely recognised as one of the most important social agents in the sporting landscape. It becomes fundamental to analyse the relationship between coach-athlete, since this is primordial for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The study has as main objective to identify the coaches’ leadership, to know the degree of self-determination, basic psychological needs, satisfaction with life and affections of athletes with intellectual disabilities and to analyse the relationship of the coaches’ formal education in the aforementioned variables. The research is descriptive and cross-sectional, with a sample consisting of 50 coaches and 94 athletes from the universe of Special Olympics Portugal. Several instruments were used to measure leadership, self-determination, basic psychological needs, life satisfaction and affections. In view of the results obtained, it was observed that the coaches’ leadership is perceived as a leadership tending more towards reinforcement and training-instruction. Athletes show an autonomous motivation for sport and favour the autonomy provided by sport activity. These premises allow athletes to show high values of life satisfaction and positive affect. In short, sport for athletes with intellectual disabilities has a transforming effect, not only in the sporting but also in the social context. 

Resumen. Los entrenadores son ampliamente reconocidos como uno de los agentes sociales más importantes del panorama deportivo. Es fundamental analizar la relación entrenador-deportista, pues es esencial para los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual. El estudio tiene como objetivo principal identificar el liderazgo de los entrenadores, conocer el grado de autodeterminación, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la satisfacción con la vida y los afectos de los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual y analizar la relación de la educación formal de los entrenadores en las variables mencionadas. La investigación fue descriptiva y transversal, con una muestra formada por 50 entrenadores y 94 deportistas del universo de Special Olympics Portugal. Se utilizaron varios instrumentos para medir el liderazgo, la autodeterminación, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la satisfacción vital y los afectos. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos, se observa que el liderazgo de los entrenadores se percibe como un liderazgo que tiende más al refuerzo y a la formación-instrucción. Los deportistas muestran una motivación autónoma por el deporte y favorecen la autonomía que proporciona la actividad deportiva. Estas premisas permiten a los deportistas mostrar altos valores de satisfacción con la vida y afectos positivos. En resumen, el deporte para los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual tiene un efecto transformador, no sólo en el contexto deportivo sino también en el social.

Referências

Allan, V., Evans, M. B., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., & Côté, J. (2019). From the athletes’ perspective: A social-relational understanding of how coaches shape the disability sport experience. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1587551.

Banack, H. R., Sabiston, C. M. & Bloom, G. A. (2011). Coach Autonomy Support, Basic Need Satisfaction, and Intrinsic Motivation of Paralympic Athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 722–730. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02701367.2011.1059980.

Bentzen, M., Alexander, D., Bloom, G A. & Kenttä, G. (2020) What Do We Know About Research on Parasport Coaches? A Scoping Review. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 38(1): 109-137. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/apaq.2019-0147.

Bloom, G.; Falcão, W. & Caron, J. (2014), Coaching high performance athletes: Implications for coach training. In Perspective; Gómes, A., Resende, R., Alburquerque, A., Eds Positive Human Functioning from a Multidimensional,107-132. New York, USA, Nova Science Publishers.

Brooker, K., Van Dooren, K., McPherson, L., Lennox, N. & Ware, R. (2015). A systematic review of interventions aiming to improve involvement in physical activity among adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12, 434–444. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/apaq.2019-014710.1123/jpah.2013-0014.

Burkett, B. (2013). Coaching athletes with a disability. In Routledge Handbook of Sports Coaching; Potrac, P., Gilbert, W., Denison, J., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 196–209.

Conroy, D. & Coatsworth, J. (2006). Coach training as a strategy for promoting youth social development. The Sport Psychologist, 20, 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.2.128.

Cregan, K., Bloom, G. & Reid, G. (2007) Career Evolution and Knowledge of Elite Coaches of Swimmers with a Physical Disability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78 (4), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2007.10599431.

Chelladurai, P. (2007). Leadership in Sports. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch5.

Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Lee, J. & Lee, Y. (2015). Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: A field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.007.

Douglas, S., Falcão, W. R. & Bloom, G. A. (2018). Career Development and Learning Pathways of Paralympic Coaches With a Disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2017-0010.

Everett, J., Lock, A., Boggis, A. & Georgiadis, E. (2019). Special Olympics: Athletes’ perspectives, choices and motives. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. doi:10.1111/bld.12295.

Fairhurst E., Bloom G. & Harvey W. (2016). The Learning and Mentoring Experiences of Paralympic Coaches, Disability and Health Journal,10(2),240-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.dhjo.2016.10.007.

Ferguson, C. J. (2016). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (pp. 301–310). American Psychological Association.https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-020

Feu, S., Ibáñez, S. J., & Gozalo, M. (2010). Influence of formal and non-formal training on coaching style. Revista de Educación (353), 321-322.

Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: Sage.

Frielink, N., Schuengel, C., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2018). Autonomy support, need satisfaction, and motivation for support among adults with intellectual disability: Testing a self-determination theory model. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 123(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.1.33.

Gamonales, J. M., Gomez-Carmona, C. D., Cordoba-Caro, L. G. & Ibanez, S. J. (2019). Influencia del perfil de entrenador en el diseno de las tareas en el futbol. Estudio de caso. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 11(1), 69-82.

Gilbert, W., Côté, J. & Mallett, C. (2006) Developmental Paths and Activities of Successful Sport Coaches. International Journal of Sport Science & Coaching. 1(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795406776338526.

Haigh A., Lee D., Shaw C., Hawthorne M., Chamberlain S., Newman DW., Clarke Z. & Beail N. (2013). What things make people with a learning disability happy and satisfied with their lives: an inclusive research project. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(1), 26-33. doi: 10.1111/jar.12012. PMID: 23255376.

Harada, C. M., & Siperstein, G. N. (2009). The sport experience of athletes with intellectual disabilities: A national survey of Special Olympics athletes and their families. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(1), 68–85.https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.68.

Hatamleh, M. R., Al-Ruz, H. H. A. & Hindawi, O. S. (2009). Coach’s leadership behavior as a predictor of satisfaction with leadership: Perceptions of athletes with physical disabilities. International Journal of Applied Educational Studies, 4, 14 33.

Hernández Roldan, R., Anderson Quiñonez, J., Arenas, J., Urrea, A. M., Barbosa-Granados, S., & Aguirre Loaiza, H. (2021). Características Psicológicas en Deportistas con Discapacidad Física. Retos, 40, 351-358. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v1i40.83079.

Hill A. e Hill M. (2005). Investigação por questionário (2ª ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.

Horn, T. S. (2008). Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology, 239-267. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Jones, L., Armour, M., & Potrac, P. (2003). Constructing expert knowledge: A case study of a top-level professional soccer coach. Sport, Education and Society, 8, 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320309254.

Jowett, S. (2017). Coaching effectiveness: the coach–athlete relationship at its heart. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.006

Jowett, S. & Lavallee, D. (2007). Social Psychology in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Jowett, S., Kanakoglou, K., & Passmore, J. (2012). The application of the 3+1Cs relationship model in executive coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 64(3), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030316.

Jowett, S., Kanakoglou, K., & Passmore, J. (2012). The application of the 3+1Cs relationship model in executive coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 64(3), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030316.

Komenda, S., Springstein, T., Zrniæ, I., Zeilinger, E., Franken, F. & Weber, G. (2021). Satisfaction with life in Special Olympic athletes: the role of autonomy support and basic need fulfilment. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2021.1917110.

León, G. & Montero, I. (2008). Métodos de investigación en Psicología y Educación (4ªed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.

MacDonald, J., Beck, K., Erickson, K. & Cotê, J. (2014). Understanding Sources of Knowledge for Coaches of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(3), 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12174.

Mallett, C. J., Trudel, P., Lyle, J. & Rynne, S. B. (2009). Formal vs. Informal Coach Education. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 325–364. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623883.

Martin, J. & Whalen, L. (2014). Effective Practices of Coaching Disability Sport. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 7(2), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2014.007.

Martins Domingues, A. M., Folgado dos Santos, J., Matos Serrano, J. J., Batista, M., & Duarte Petrica, J. M. (2022). Diferencias de género en la motivación autodeterminada y el bienestar subjetivo en deportistas de deportes adaptados con dificultades intelectuales y de desarrollo Miembros de Olimpiadas Especiales (Gender Differences in Self-Determined Motivation and Sub. Retos,44, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.88827.

McMaster, S., Culver, D. & Werthner P. (2012) Coaches of athletes with a physical disability: a look at their learning experiences. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4(2), 226-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2012.686060.

Misasi, S. P., Morin, G. & Kwasnowski, L. (2016). Leadership: Athletes and coaches in sport. The Sport Journal, 22.

Moltó, A.G. & Ovejero Bruna, M.O. (2017). Satisfacción vital, autodeterminación y práctica deportiva en las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte, 26, 13–19.

Nelson, L. J., Cushion, C. J. & Potrac, P. (2006). Formal, Nonformal and Informal Coach Learning: A Holistic Conceptualisation. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795406778604627

Nunnally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994) The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248-292.

Pires, P., Batista, M., Marinho, D.A., Antúnez, A., Mesquita, H. & Ibáñez, S.J (2021). Training and Profile of Special Olympics Portugal Coaches: Influence of Formal and Non-Formal Learning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18 (12), 6491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18126491.

Pires, P., Batista, M., Mesquita, H., & Ibanez, S. J. (2022). Self-perception and perception of leadership behavoiur of Special Olympics Portugal coaches. E-balonmano com, 18(1), 55-64.

Pires, P., Ramalho, A., Antúnez, A., Mesquita, H. & Ibáñez, S.J. (2021). Career Development of Adapted Sports Coaches Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18 (12), 6608. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ ijerph18126608.

Schalock, L.R, Luckasson, R., & Tassé, M. J (2021). Intellectual disability. Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. 11th Edition. Washington, D. C.: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. & Tassé, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). AAIDD.

Shirazipour, C. H., Evans, M. B., Caddick, N., Smith, B., Aiken, A. B., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Latimer-Cheung, A. E. (2017). Quality participation experiences in the physical activity domain: Perspectives of veterans with a physical disability. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29,40–50, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.11.007.

Silva, J.E., Rosado, A., Silva, C. & Serpa, S. (2014). Relação entre inteligência emocional, satisfação com a vida e prática desportiva. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 9, 93-109.

Son, S., Jeon, B., & Kim, H. (2016). Effects of a walking exercise program for obese individuals with intellectual disability staying in a residential care facility. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28, 788–793. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.788

Special Olympics Portugal. Special Olympics. Acedido a 21 de novembro de 2021 :https://media.specialolympics.org/resources/leading-a-program/program profiles/ SOEE/Portugal-FactSheet-2020.

Tawse, H., Bloom, G., Sabiston, C. & Reid, G. (2012). The role of coaches of wheelchair rugby in the development of athletes with a spinal cord injury. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4, 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2012.685104.

Tay, L. & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023779

Turnnidge, J., Vierimaa, M. & Coté, J. (2012). An in-Depth Investigation of a Model Sport Program for Athletes with a Physical Disability. Psychology, 3, 1131-1141. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312A167.

United Nations.2006. Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. General Assembly Resolution A/RES/61/106. New York: United Nations

Verdugo, M. A., Gomez-Vela, M., Fernández-Pulido, R., Sánchez, E. V., Wehmeyer, M. L., Corbella, M. B., & Martín, V. G. (2013). ¿Cómo evaluar la autodeterminación? Escala ARC-INICO de evaluación de la autodeterminación. Siglo Cero, 44 (4), 21-39.

Vieira, A., Dias, C., Real, N. & Fonseca, M. (2014). O conhecimento e ações do treinador em situações de competição: o estudo da percepção dos treinadores da superliga brasileira de voleibol. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 9 (2), 393-420.

Weinberg, R. & McDermott, M. (2002). A comparative analysis of sport and business organizations: Factors perceived as critical for organizational success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,14, 282–298.

World Health Organization.2019. Acedido a 21 de novembro de 2021 ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. https://icd.who.int/browse11/lm/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f605267007

Downloads

Publicado

2022-09-28

Como Citar

Pires, P. R. I., Batista, M., Mesquita, H., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2022). Relação da formação formal na liderança dos treinadores e na autodeterminação e bem-estar dos atletas com deficiência intelectual (Relationship of formal training on coaches’ leadership and self-determination and well-being of athletes with intellectual disabilities) (Relación de la formación reglada con el liderazgo y la autodeterminación de los entrenadores y el bienestar de los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual). Retos, 46, 480–489. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93064

Edição

Secção

Artigos de caráter científico: trabalhos de pesquisas básicas e/ou aplicadas.

Artigos mais lidos do(s) mesmo(s) autor(es)

1 2 > >>