Impact of social and physical factors on psychological well-being under covid-19 lockdown in taekwondo athletes: A cross-sectional study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99302Keywords:
Salud pública, Covid 19, artes marciales, salud mentalAbstract
In sports and taekwondo in particular, it is of interest to understand the impact of sociodemographic and physical factors of athletes during this period, as well as their impact on psychological health. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between physical activity levels, demographic factors, and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown in Taekwondo athletes. Seventy-eight male Taekwondo athletes (35 ± 14.6 years) at national and international levels participated in an online survey during the COVID-19 Lockdown period in September 2020. The factors analyzed included expertise, socioeconomic status, education, and physical activity levels. The main findings of this study indicated that university education level was significantly associated with both well-being and lower distress (χ2 = 7.0; p = 0.03). Similarly, athletes with a moderate level of physical activity showed a significant association with their state of well-being (χ2 = 7.0; p = 0.03) and absence of distress (χ2 = 10.5; p = 0.00). However, no significant associations were found between technical level and age category with well-being or distress. Our findings showed that the lockdown negatively affected both total physical activity levels and psychological well-being in Colombian Taekwondo Athletes. A higher educational level allows for a greater understanding of the situations presented during the pandemic, and the level of physical activity is a determinant of the mental health of athletes.
Keywords: public health, SARS-CoV-2, martial arts, mental health.
References
Akehurst, E., Southcott, J., & Lambert, K. (2020). Kick start – martial arts as a non-traditional school sport: An Australian case study of Taekwondo for Years 7–12 students. Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education, 11(1), 83–98. doi: 10.1080/25742981.2019.1635507
Arango-Vélez, E. F., Echavarría-Rodríguez, A. M., Aguilar-González, F. A., & Patiño-Villada, F. A. (2020). Validation of two questionnaires to assess the level of physical activity and sedentary time in a Colombian university community. Re-vista Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, 38(1), 1–11. doi: 10.17533/udea.rfnsp.v38n1e334156
Bridge, C. A., da Silva Santos, J. F., Chaabene, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713–733.
Bauman, A., Ainsworth, B. E., Bull, F., Craig, C. L., Hagströmer, M., Sallis, J. F., Pratt, M., & Sjöström, M. (2009). Progress and pitfalls in the use of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) for adult physical activity sur-veillance. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(SUPPL. 1), 5–8. doi: 10.1123/jpah.6.s1.s5
Chang, C., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A., Hong, G., Ingram, Y., … Wolanin, A. (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical So-ciety for Sports Medicine Position Statement-Executive Summary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 216–220. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101583
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., & Oja, P. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validi-ty. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Cui, J., Lu, J., Weng, Y., Yi, G. Y., & He, W. (2022). COVID-19 impact on mental health. BMC Medical Research Met-hodology, 22(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12874-021-01411-w
De la Rosa, A., Monterrosa Quintero, A., Camacho-Villa, M. A., Arc-Chagnaud, C., Andrade, A. G. P. de, Reyes-Correa, S., Quintero-Bernal, R., & Fuentes-García, J. P. (2022). Physical Activity Levels and Psychological Well-Being during COVID-19 Lockdown among University Students and Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811234
Facer-Childs, E. R., Hoffman, D., Tran, J. N., Drummond, S. P. A., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2021). Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep, 44(5), 1–9. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa261
Faulkner, J., O’Brien, W. J., McGrane, B., Wadsworth, D., Batten, J., Askew, C. D., … Lambrick, D. (2021). Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(4), 320–326. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.016
Grossi, E., Groth, N., Mosconi, P., Cerutti, R., Pace, F., Compare, A., & Apolone, G. (2006). Development and validation of the short version of the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB-S). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 1–8. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-88
Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2014). The influence of socio-demographic indicators economic determinants and social recognition on sport participation in Germany. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(SUPPL.1). doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.704078
Harwood, A., Lavidor, M., & Rassovsky, Y. (2017). Reducing aggression with martial arts: A meta-analysis of child and youth studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 96–101.
Lee, P. H., Macfarlane, D. J., Lam, T., & Stewart, S. M. (2011). Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 1–11.
Lindell-Postigo, D., Zurita-Ortega, F., Ortiz-Franco, M., & González-Valero, G. (2020). Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Concept and Gender in Relation to Physical Activity and Martial Arts in Spanish Adolescents during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Education Sciences, 10(8), 210. doi: 10.3390/educsci10080210
Linhares, D. G., Santos, A. O. B. dos, Santos, L. L. dos, Marcos-Pardo, P. J., Cordeiro, L. de S., Castro, J. B. P. de, & Vale, R. G. de S. (2022). Efectos del taekwondo sobre la salud en adultos mayores: una revisión sistemática [Effects of taekwondo on health in older people: a systematic review]. Retos, 46, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93336
Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D’Agata, V., Palma, A., Di Rosa, M., & Musumeci, G. (2020). The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon, 6(6), e04315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315
Monterrosa Quintero, A., Echeverri Rios, A. R., Fuentes-Garcia, J. P., & Gonzalez Sanchez, J. C. (2022). Levels of physi-cal activity and psychological well-being in non-athletes and martial art athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inter-national journal of environmental research and public health, 19(7), 4004. doi:10.3390/ijerph19074004.
Moore, B., Dudley, D., & Woodcock, S. (2019). The effects of martial arts participation on mental and psychosocial health outcomes: A randomised controlled trial of a secondary school-based mental health promotion program. BMC Psycho-logy, 7(1), 60. doi: 10.1186/s40359-019-0329-5
Ozan, M., & Secer, I. (2022). Investigación de la relación entre la resiliencia psicológica, la reactividad emocional, la in-adaptación psicológica y el control de la ira de los atletas [Investigation of The Relationship Between Athletes’ Psycholo-gical Resilience, Emotional Reactivity, Psychological Maladjustment and Trait Anger Control]. Retos, 46, 143–151. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.92745
Quintero, A. M., Ojeda-Aravena, A., Arc-Chagnaud, C., Quintero, J. M. G., & De la Rosa, A. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity and psychological well-being in taekwondo athletes. Idō Movement for Culture, 22(3).doi:10.15589/ido.23.3.8.
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: A review of stressors and protective fac-tors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1419–1434. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
Valdés-Badilla, P., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Aedo-Muñoz, E., Báez-San Martín, E., Ojeda-Aravena, A., & Branco, B. H. M. (2021). Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Older Adults’ Health Status: A Systematic Re-view. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7381. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147381
Washif, J. A., Farooq, A., Krug, I., Pyne, D. B., Verhagen, E., Taylor, L., … Chamari, K. (2022). Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents. Sports Medicine, 52(4), 933–948. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z
Yang, J. S., Ko, J. M., & Roh, H. T. (2018). Effects of regular Taekwondo exercise on mood changes in children from multicultural families in South Korea: A pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(4), 496–499.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
