Central aspects of the identification and development of sports talents: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.79323Keywords:
Early sport specialization, intensive training, sports diversification, young athletes, relative age effectAbstract
Abstract. The detection and development of sports talents has been for decades a strategy used internationally with the purpose of obtaining elite athletes, for this, it recruits boys and girls from a very early age who are subjected to high levels of training. Objective: The purpose of this review was to identify and synthesize the most important literature on the effects of relative age (ER), training volume (TV), early specialization (ES), and diversification of sports practice. (DSP) in sports success. Methodology: online search was made in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), Science, Social Science, Web of Science, Scirus, Hinari, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus and Ovid using the keywords: relative age effect, early sport specialization, volume training, sports diversification. After selection based on the established criteria, 77 articles were included. They were completely reviewed and contained relevant data on ER, TV, ET, and DSP. The quality of the evidence reviewed was excellent in general terms. Conclusion: scientific evidence indicates that success in elite and super-elite athletes is not correlated with TV, ES, ER. These findings must be carefully considered by all those involved in the identification and development of athletes.
References
Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2002). A theoretical and empirical analysis of a 'state of the art' talent identification model. High Ability Studies, 13(2), 157-178. doi: 10.1080/1359813022000048798
Abernethy, B., Baker, J., & Côté, J. (2005). Transfer of pattern recall skills may contribute to the development of sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19 (3) 705-718 doi: 10.1002/acp.1102
American Academy of Pediatrics (1991). Sport Medicine: Health Care for Young Athletes (2nd ed.). Elk Grove Village.
Arrieta H, Torres-Unda J, Gil SM, Irazusta J. Relative age effect and performance in the U16, U18 and U20 European Basketball Championships. Journal of sports sciences, 2016; 34(16): 1530-1534
Augste, C., & Lames, M. (2011). The relative age effect and success in German elite U-17 soccer teams. Journal of sports sciences, 29(9), 983-987. doi: 10.1080/ 02640414. 2011.574719
Baker, J., Janning, C., Wong, H., Cobley, S., & Schorer, J. (2014). Variations in relative age effects in individual sports: skiing, figure skating and gymnastics. European journal of sport science, 14 Suppl 1, S183-190. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.671369
Baker, J., Cobley, S., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2009). What do we know about early sport specialization? not much! High Ability Studies, 20(1), 77-89.
Baker, J., & Logan, A. J. (2007). Developmental contexts and sporting success: birth date and birthplace effects in national hockey league draftees 2000-2005. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(8), 515-517. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.033977
Baker, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Expertise in ultra-endurance triathletes early sport involvement, training structure, and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 17(1) 64-78. doi.org/10.1080/10413200590907577
Baker, J., Cote, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). Sport-specific practice and the development of expert decision-making in team ball sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(1), 12-25. doi: 10.1080/10413200305400
Barreiros, A., Cote, J., & Fonseca, A. M. (2014). From early to adult sport success: analysing athletes' progression in national squads. European journal of sport science, 14 Suppl 1, S178-182. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.671368
Bean, C., Fortier, M., Post, C., & Chima, K. (2014). Understanding how organized youth sport may be harming individual players within the family unit: a literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(10), 10226-10268. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010226
Berry, J., Abernethy, B., & Côté, J. (2009). The contribution of structured activity and deliberate play to the development of expert perceptual and decision-making skill. Journal of sport & exercise psychology 30(6)685-708. DOI:10.1123/jsep.30.6.685
Bompa, T. (1994). Theory and methodology of training: the key to athletic training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Brenner, J. S. (2016). Sports specialization and intensive training in young athletes. Pediatrics, 138(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2148
Brenner, J., Small, E., & Bernhardt, D. (2007). American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Pediatrics, 119(6), 1242-1245.
Bridge, M., & Toms, M. (2012). The specialising or sampling debate: A retrospective analysis of adolescent sports participation in the UK. Journal of sports sciences 31(1) 87-96. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2012.721560
Brouwers, J., Bosscher, V., & Sotiriadou, P. (2012). An examination of the importance of performances in youth and junior competition as an indicator of later success in tennis. Sport Management Review, 15, 461-475. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.002
Brustio,P.,Kearney,P., Lupo,C., Ungureanu,A., Mulasso,A.,Rainoldi,A.,&Boccia,G.(2019) Relative Age Influences Performance of World-Class Track and Field Athletes Even in the Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology. 10,1395
Bullock, N., Gulbin, J., Martin, D., Ross, A., Holland, T., & Marino, F. (2009). Talent identification and deliberate programming in skeleton: ice novice to Winter Olympian in 14 months. Journal of sports sciences 27(4) 397-404 DOI:10.1080/02640410802549751
Bush, C., Wilhelm, A., Lavallee, M.,& Deitch, J. (2019) Early Sport Specialization in Elite Weightlifters: Weightlifting Injury Occurrence and Relevant Opinion. [published online ahead of print, 2019 Jul 1]. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;10.1519/ JSC.0000 000000003239. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003239
Busseri, M., Rose-Krasnor, L., Willoughby, T., & Chalmers, H. (2006). A longitudinal examination of breadth and intensity of youth activity involvement and successful development. Developmental psychology, 42(6), 1313-1326. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1313
Campos,F., Pellegrinotti, Í., Campos, L., Dias, T,. Gómez M.(2020) Relative Age Effect in the Girls’ Volleyball U18 World Championship. Journal of Human Kinetics 72 (1),195-202
Carlson, R. (1988). The socialization of elite tennis players in sweden: an analysis of the players’ backgrounds and development. Sociology of Sport Journal 5(3), 241-256 doi: 10.1123/ssj.5.3.241
Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N., & McKenna, J. (2009). Annual age-grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports medicine , 39(3), 235-256. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. (2016). Data extraction template for included studies. .
Connor, J., Renshaw, I., & Doma, K. (2019). Moderating factors influence the relative age effect in Australian cricket. PEREJ, 7, e6867. doi: 10.7717/pEREj.6867
Côté, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2011). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 7(1) 7-16 DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
Côté, J., Horton, S., MacDonald, D., & Wilkes, S. (2009). The Benefits of Sampling Sports During Childhood. Physical & Health Education Journal, 74, 6-11.
Côté, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2009). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 7-17. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
Cote, J., & Hay, J. (2002). Childrenʼs involvement in sport: A developmental perspective. In J. M. S. D. Stevens (Ed.), Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 484-502). Boston: Merrill.
Cumming, S. P., Searle, C., Hemsley, J. K., Haswell, F., Edwards, H., Scott, S., . . . Malina, R. M. (2018). Biological maturation, relative age and self-regulation in male professional academy soccer players: A test of the underdog hypothesis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 147-153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.007
Deakin, J. M., & Cobley, S. (2003). A search for deliberate practice. An examination of the practice environments in figure skating and volleyball. In J. L. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports. Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 115–135). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), 185-215. doi: 10.1080/16184740600955087
DiFiori, J., Benjamin, J., Brenner, J., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G., & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: a position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British journal of sports medicine, 48(4), 287-288. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
Edgar, S., & O'Donoghue, P. (2005). Season of birth distribution of elite tennis players. Journal of sports sciences, 23(10), 1013-1020. doi: 10.1080/02640410400021468
Ericsson, K. A. (2020) Towards a science of the acquisition of expert performance in sports: Clarifying the differences between deliberate practice and other types of practice. Journal of sports sciences. 38(2) 159-176.
Ericsson , K., Krampe , R. T., & Tesch-Romer , C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review,100(3) 363-406. Doi: 10.1037//0033-295X.100.3.363
Ericsson, K. (1998). The scientific study of expert levels of performance general. implications for optimal learning and creativity. High Ability Studies 9(1) 73-100) doi.org/10.1080/1359813980090106
Faber, I., Bustin, P., Oosterveld, F., Elferink-Gemser, M., & Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. (2016). Assessing personal talent determinants in young racquet sport players: a systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 34(5), 395-410. doi:: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1061201
Faigenbaum, A., Kraemer, W., Blimkie, C., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(5 Suppl), S60-79. doi:: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
Feeley, B., Agel, J., & LaPrade, R. (2016). When is it too early for single sport specialization? The American journal of sports medicine , 44(1), 234-241. doi: 10.1177/0363546515576899
Ferriz-Valero, A., Pérez, S., Cejuela, R.,& García-Jaén, M. (2019) Efecto de la Edad Relativa para el Desarrollo del Talento en Jóvenes Triatletas. Retos, 37(37), 27-32.
Ford, P., & Williams, A. (2012). The developmental activities engaged in by elite youth soccer players who progressed to professional status compared to those who did not. Psychology of Sport and Exercise - PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC, 13. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.09.004
Ford, P., Ward, P., Hodges, N., & Williams, A. (2009). The role of deliberate practice and play in carERE progression in sport: the early engagement hypothesis. High Ability Studies, 20(1), 65-75. doi:10.1080/13598130902860721
Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 20(3):318-333. doi: 10.1080/10413200802163549
Fredricks, J., & Eccles, J. (2006). Extracurricular involvement and adolescent adjustment: impact of duration, number of activities, and breadth of participation. Applied developmental Science, 10 (3) 132-146.doi: 10.1207/s1532480xads1003_3
Gerrard, D.E (1993) Overuse injury and growing bones: the young athlete at risk. British journal of sports medicine . 27: 14-18,
González-Víllora, S., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., & Cordente, D. (2015). Relative Age Effect in UEFA Championship Soccer Players, Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 237. doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0079
Gullich, A., Kovar, P., Zart, S., & Reimann, A. (2017). Sport activities differentiating match-play improvement in elite youth footballers - a 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of sports sciences, 35(3), 207-215. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1161206
Gullich, A. (2017). International medallists' and non-medallists' developmental sport activities - a matched-pairs analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 35(23), 2281-2288. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265662
Gullich, A. (2014). Many roads lead to rome--developmental paths to olympic gold in men's field hockey. European journal of sport science, 14(8), 763-771. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.905983
Gullich, A., & Emrich, E. (2014). Considering long-term sustainability in the development of world class success. European journal of sport science, 14 Suppl 1, S383-397. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.706320
Güllich, A., & Emrich, E. (2013). Investment patterns in the carEREs of elite athletes in east and west Germany. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(3), 191-214. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2013.11687919
Guellich, A., & Emrich, E. (2012). Individualistic and collectivistic approach in athlete support programmes in the german high-performance sport system european. Journal for Sport and Society 9, 4, S. 243-268
Guellich, A., & Emrich, E. (2006). Evaluation of the support of young athletes in the elite sport system. European Journal for Sport and Society, 3 (2), 85-108. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2006.11687783
Gustin, W C. (1985). The development of exceptional research mathematicians.
In B. S. Bloom (Ed), Developing talent in young people (pp. 270-331). New York: Ballantine Books.
Gutierrez Diaz Del Campo, D., Pastor Vicedo, J., Gonzalez Villora, S., & Contreras Jordan, O. (2010). the relative age effect in youth soccer players from spain. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(2), 190-198. Doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0192209
Hall, R., Foss, K. B., Hewett, T. E., & Myer, G. D. (2015). sports specialization is associated with an increased risk of developing anterior knee pain in adolescent female athletes. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 24(1), 31-35. doi:: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0101
Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. Human Development, 21(1), 34-64. doi: 10.1159/000271574
Helsen, W., Van-Winckel, J., & Williams, A. (2005). The relative age effect in youth soccer across Europe. Journal of sports sciences, 23(6) 629-36. Doi:: 10.1080/02640410400021310
Helsen, W., Starkes, J., & Hodges, N. (1998). Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 20(1):12-34. Doi: 10.1123/jsep.20.1.12
Hendry, D. T., Crocker, P. R. E., & Hodges, N. J. (2014). Practice and play as determinants of self-determined motivation in youth soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 32(11), 1091-1099. doi:: 10.1080/02640414.2014.880792
Henry I. Athlete Development, Athlete Rights and Athlete Welfare: A European Union Perspective. The International journal of the history of sport. 2013; 30(4): 356-373
Hill, G. M. (1993). Youth participation of professional baseball players. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 107-114. doi.org/10.1123/ssj.10.1.107
Hornig, M., Aust, F., & Gullich, A. (2016). Practice and play in the development of German top-level professional football players. European journal of sport science, 16(1), 96-105. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.982204
International Federation of Sports Medicine. Excessive physical training in children and adolescents: a position statement. Sport Health 9:23-24, 1991.
Jayanthi, N., & Dugas, L. (2017). The risks of sports specialization in the adolescent female athlete. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39, 20-26. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000293
Jayanthi, N., LaBella, C. R., Fischer, D., Pasulka, J., & Dugas, L. R. (2015). Sports-specialized intensive training and the risk of injury in young athletes: a clinical case-control study. The American journal of sports medicine, 43(4), 794-801. doi: 10.1177/0363546514567298
Jayanthi, N., Pinkham, C., Dugas, L., Patrick, B., & Labella, C. (2013). Sports specialization in young athletes: evidence-based recommendations. Sports Health, 5(3), 251-257. doi: 10.1177/1941738112464626
Jayanthi, N., Dechert, A., Durazo, R., Dugas, L., & Luke, A. (2011). Training and specialization risks in junior elite tennis players. Journal Of Medicine And Science In Tennis, 16, 14-20.
Johnson, M., Tenenbaum, G., & Edmonds, W. (2006). Adaptation to physically and emotionally demanding conditions: the role of deliberate practice. High Ability Studies, 17(1), 117-136. doi: 10.1080/13598130600947184
Jones, B., Lawrence, G., & Hardy, L. (2018). New evidence of relative age effects in "super-elite" sportsmen: a case for the survival and evolution of the fittest. Journal of sports sciences, 36(6), 697-703. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1332420
Kalinowski, A. G. (1985). The development of Olympic swimmers. In B. S. Bloom (Ed.),Developing talent in young people (pp. 139-192).New York:Ballantine Books.
Knapik, D.,Rizzone, K., & Voos, J. (2020) Timing and Reasons Behind Single-Sport
Specialization in Soccer: A Survey of 64 Major League Soccer Athletes. Sports Health. 12(4)355-360.
Krogius, N. (1976). Psychology in chess. New York: RHM Press.
LaPrade, R., Agel, J., Baker, J., Brenner, J., Cordasco, F., Cote, J.,Provencher, M. (2016). AOSSM Early sport specialization consensus statement. Orthop J Sports Med, 4(4), 2325967116644241. doi: 10.1177/2325967116644241
Latorre, P., Garcia, F., & López, J. (2018) Early sport dropout: High performance in early years in young athletes is not related with later success. Retos, 33.210-2012
Law M, Stewart D, Pollock N. (1998.). Critical review form: quantitative studies. Hamilton: MacMaster University.
Law, M., Côté, J., & Anders Ericsson, K. (2008). Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: A retrospective study. International. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(1) 82-103doi10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671814.
Le Gall, F., Carling, C., Williams, M., & Reilly, T. (2010). Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of international, professional and amateur male graduate soccer players from an elite youth academy. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 13(1), 90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.004
Leite, N., & Sampaio, J. (2012). Long-term athletic development across different age groups and gender from Portuguese basketball players. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 7, 285-300. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.2.285
Lemez, S., MacMahon, C., & Weir, P. (2016). Relative age effects in women's rugby union from developmental leagues to world cup tournaments. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 87(1), 59-67. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1116120
Letts L, Wilkins S, Stewart D, Bosch, J., & Westmorland, M. (2007). Critical review form: qualitative studies (version 2.0). Hamilton: MacMaster University.
Lopez de Subijana, C., & Lorenzo, J. (2018). Relative age effect and long-term success in the spanish soccer and basketball national teams. Journal of human kinetics, 65, 197-204. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0027
MacMahon, C., Helsen, W., Starkes, J., & Weston, M. (2007). Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees. Journal of sports sciences, 25(1), 65-78. doi: 10.1080/02640410600718640
Macnamara, B., Moreau, D., & Hambrick, D. (2016) The Relationship Between Deliberate Practice and Performance in Sports. Perspectives on Psychological Science 11,33-350.
Malina, R. (2010). Early sport specialization: roots, effectiveness, risks. Curr Sports Med Rep, 9(6), 364-371. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fe3166
Martin, R. P., Foels, P., Clanton, G., & Moon, K. (2004). Season of birth is related to child retention rates, achievement, and rate of diagnosis of specific LD. Journal of learning disabilities, 37(4), 307-317. doi: 10.1177/00222194040370040301
Martindale, R., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 57(4), 353-375. doi: 10.1080/00336297.2005.10491862
McCarthy, N., Collins, D., & Court, D. (2016). Start hard, finish better: further evidence for the reversal of the RAE advantage. Journal of sports sciences, 34(15), 1461-1465. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1119297
Memmert, D., Baker, J., & Bertsch, C. (2010). Play and practice in the development of sport-specific creativity in team ball sports. High Ability Studies, 21, 3–18. doi:10.1080/13598139.2010. 488083
Meister, K., Day, T., Horodyski, M., Kaminski, T., Wasik, M., & Tillman, S. (2005). Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player. The American journal of sports medicine, 33(5), 693-698. doi: 10.1177/0363546504269936
Moesch, K., Trier Hauge, M.-L., Wikman, J., & Elbe, A.-M. (2013). Making it to the top in team sports: start later, intensify, and be determined!. Talent Development and Excellence 5(2):85-100
Moesch, K., Elbe, A., Hauge, M., & Wikman, J. M. (2011). Late specialization: the key to success in centimeters, grams, or seconds (cgs) sports. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21(6), e282-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01280.x
Moher, D., ShamsERE, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., & Petticrew, M (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
Monsaas, J. A. (1985). Learning to be a world-class tennis player. In B. S. Bloom (Ed.), Developing talent in young people (pp. 211 -269). New York: Ballantine Books
Mostafavifar, A., Best, T., & Myer, G. (2013). Early sport specialisation, does it lead to long-term problems? British journal of sports medicine, 47(17), 1060-1061. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-092005
Müller, L., Hildebrandt, C., & Raschner, C. (2015). The relative age effect and the influence on performance in youth alpine ski racing. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(1), 16-22.
Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental Review, 21(2), 147-167. doi: 10.1006/drev.2000.0516
Myer, G., Jayanthi, N., Difiori, J., Faigenbaum, A., Kiefer, A., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. (2015). Sport specialization, part i: does early sports specialization increase negative outcomes and reduce the opportunity for success in young athletes? Sports Health, 7(5), 437-442. doi: 10.1177/1941738115598747
Myer, G., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J., Faigenbaum, A., Kiefer, A., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L.(2016). Sports specialization, part II: Alternative solutions to early sport specialization in youth athletes. Sports Health, 8(1), 65-73. doi: 10.1177/1941738115614811
Nakata, H. (2017a). Relationship between the relative age effect and lengths of professional carEREs in male japanese baseball players: A retrospective analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 3(1), 21-21. doi: 10.1186/s40798-017-0090-3
Nakata, H. (2017b). Relationship between the relative age effect and lengths of professional carEREs in male japanese baseball players: A retrospective analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 3, 21. doi: 10.1186/s40798-017-0090-3
Nakata, H., & Sakamoto, K. (2011). Relative age effect in Japanese male athletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 113(2), 570-574. doi: 10.2466/ 05.10.11. pms.113. 5.570-574
Pankhurst, A., Collins, D., & Macnamara, A. (2013). Talent development: linking the stakeholders to the process. Journal of sports sciences, 31(4), 370-380. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.733821
Post, E., Trigsted, S., Riekena, J., Hetzel, S., McGuine, T., Brooks, M., & Bell, D. (2017). The association of sport specialization and training volume with injury history in youth athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 45(6), 1405-1412. doi: 10.1177/0363546517690848
Rea, T., & Lavallee, D. (2015). An examination of athletes' experiences of the talent transfer process. Talent Development & Excellence, 7 (1) 41-67
Rees, T., Hardy, L., Gullich, A., Abernethy, B., Cote, J., Woodman, T., Warr, C. (2016). The great british medalists project: a review of current knowledge on the development of the world's best sporting talent. Sports medicine, 46(8), 1041-1058. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2
Romann, M., & Cobley, S. (2015). Relative age effects in athletic sprinting and corrective adjustments as a solution for their removal.PLoS One,10 (4) 1-12 10.1371/journal.pone.0122988
Ronbeck, N., Dunnagan, T., & Stewart, C. (2005). Early specialization in elite Nordic racers: Fact or fiction. Retrieved April 13, 2010, from www.coachesinfo.com/index.php?option=- com_content&view=article&id=315:better-coach_ nordic&catid=91:general-articles&itemid=170
Rowland, T.W. Counseling the young athlete: where do we draw the line? Ped. Exec Sci. 9:197-201, 1997
Rubajczyk, K., Świerzko, K.,& Rokita, A. (2017) Doubly Disadvantaged? The Relative
Age Effect in Poland's Basketball Players Journal of sports science & medicine, 16(2), 280-285.
Rubia, A., Bjørndal, C., Sanchez, J., Yague, J., Calvo, J., &Maroto, S. (2020) The relationship between the relative age effect and performance among athletes in World Handball Championships. PLoS ONE 15(3): e0230133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230133
Sarmento, H., Anguera, M., Pereira, A., & Araujo, D. (2018). Talent Identification and Development in Male Football: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine, 48(4), 907-931. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0851-7
Seiler, S., & Tonnessen, E. (2009). Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: The role of intensity and duration in endurance training. Sport science, 13, 32–53. Retrieved from sportsci.org/ 2009/ss.htm
Simon, H., & Chase, W.(1973). Skill in chess. American Scientist, 61(4), 394-403.
Smith, R. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), 36-50. doi: 10.1123/jsp.8.1.36
Soberlak, P., & Cote, J. (2003). The developmental activities of elite ice hockey players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(1), 41-49. doi: 10.1080/10413200305401
Sosniak, L. A. (1985). Learning to be a concert pianist. In B. S. Bloom (Ed.), Developing talent in young people (pp. 19-67). New York: Ballantine Books.
Starkes, J. (2000). The road to expertise: is practice the only determinant?
International journal of sport psychology, 31(4):431-451
Timothy, A., Eric, G., Scott, J., Brooks, M., Stephanie, T., & David, R. (2017). A prospective study on the effect of sport specialization on lower extremity injury rates in high school athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 45(12), 2706-2712. doi: 10.1177/0363546517710213
Vaeyens, R., Gullich, A., Warr, C., & Philippaerts, R. (2009). Talent identification and promotion programmes of Olympic athletes. Journal of sports sciences, 27(13), 1367-1380. doi: 10.1080/02640410903110974
Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2008). Talent identification and development programmes in sport : current models and future directions. Sports medicine, 38(9), 703-714.
Van Rossum, J. (2000). Deliberate practice and Dutch field hockey: An addendum to Starkes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 452-460.
Wall, M., & Côté, J. (2007). Developmental activities that lead to dropout and investment in sport. J Appl Sport Psychol, 20. doi: 10.1080/17408980601060358
Wallingford, R. (1975). Long distance running. In A. W Tayler & F Landry (Eds.), The scientific aspects of sports training (pp. 118-130). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Ward, P., Hodges, N., Williams, M., & Starkes, J. (2007). The road to excellence in soccer: A quasi-longitudinal approach to deliberate practice.High Ability Studies, 18(2), 119-153.
Weissensteiner, J., Abernethy, B., Farrow, D., & Muller, S. (2008). The development of anticipation: a cross-sectional examination of the practice experiences contributing to skill in cricket batting. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 30(6), 663-684.
Wierike, S., Van der Sluis, A., Van den Akker-Scheek, I., Elferink-Gemser, M., & Visscher, C. (2013). Psychosocial factors influencing the recovery of athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury: a systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 23(5), 527-540. doi: 10.1111/sms.12010
Wolpert, D., Diedrichsen, J., & Flanagan, J. (2011). Principles of sensorimotor learning. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 12(12), 739-751. doi: 10.1038/nrn3112
World Health Organization and International Federation of Sports Medicine (1997). Sports and children. Olympic Coach 7(3):6-8.
Wright, A., & Côté, J. (2003). A retrospective analysis of leadership development through sport. Sport Psychologist,17(3)268-291.doi: 10.1123/tsp.17.3.268
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Jairo Alejandro Fernandez Ortega, Jeansy Alonso Rodriguez Buitrago, Diego Alonso Sanchez Rodriguez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
