Clima motivacional y niveles de ansiedad en futbolistas de categorías inferiores (Motivational climate and levels of anxiety in soccer players of lower divisions)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i35.63308Keywords:
Clima motivacional, ansiedad, fútbol, categorías inferiores, deporte ( Motivational climate, anxiety, football, inferior categories, sport)Abstract
La motivación y la ansiedad representan factores psicológicos fundamentales en el contexto deportivo, por su estrecha relación con el rendimiento deportivo, por lo que la presente investigación tiene como objetivos describir los niveles de ansiedad y clima motivacional percibido de los deportistas estudiados, y analizar las diferencias entre el clima motivacional percibido y los niveles de ansiedad en una muestra de futbolistas de categorías inferiores, compuesta por un total de 154 jugadores de fútbol federados de entre 16 y 18 años de edad (16,96±.77), pertenecientes a las categorías División de Honor, Nacional, Preferente, Primera Provincial y Segunda Provincial. Los sujetos fueron evaluados mediante un cuestionario de Clima Motivacional (PMCQS-2) y el inventario de ansiedad (STAI). Los resultados indican que los futbolistas de categorías inferiores presentan niveles elevados de ansiedad-estado y ansiedad-rasgo; en cuanto al clima motivacional, los futbolistas analizados perciben en su mayoría un clima motivacional de implicación a la tarea. Los deportistas con una percepción motivacional de implicación a la tarea muestran niveles medios de ansiedad-estado, mientras que los sujetos con una menor percepción motivacional con implicación a la tarea tienen niveles de ansiedad alta. Resulta importante prestar atención a las asociaciones existentes entre el clima motivacional percibido y los niveles de ansiedad de los deportistas en la formación psicológica de los entrenadores de categorías inferiores de fútbol, promoviendo climas motivacionales orientados a la tarea e interviniendo mediante el uso de técnicas de relajación con el fin de disminuir los niveles de ansiedad.
Abstract. Motivation and anxiety represent fundamental psychological factors in the sport context, due to its close relationship with sports performance. Thus, the objective of this research was to describe the levels of anxiety and motivational climate perceived by athletes, as well as to analyze the differences between the levels of motivation perceived and anxiety levels in 154 federated soccer players between 16 and 18 years of age (16.96 ± 0.77) from lower division (Honor Division, National, Preferred, First Provincial and Second Provincial). The subjects were evaluated through a Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PMCQS-2) and the anxiety inventory (STAI). The results indicate that soccer players degenerate in high levels of anxiety and state-anxiety. In terms of motivational climate, the players mostly perceive a motivational climate of involvement in the task. Athletes with a motivational perception of involvement demonstrated average levels of anxiety, while subjects with a lower motivational perception with involvement in the task were found with high levels of anxiety. It is important to pay attention to the existing associations between the perceived motivational climate and the levels of anxiety of athletes in the psychological training of the trainers in lower soccer divisions, promoting motivational climates oriented towards task and intervening through the use of relaxation techniques in order to decrease anxiety levels.
References
Abenza, L., Olmedilla, A., Ortega, E., & Esparza, F. (2009). Lesiones y factores psicológicos en futbolistas juveniles. Archivos de medicina del deporte, 132, 280-288.
Adelsky, S. J., Ducharme, S., Wilner, E. K., Yudkoff, B., & Lejeune, S. (2017). Heads Up: The Presentation of Schizoaffective Disorder in an Elite College Soccer Player with Prior Concussion. Harvard review of psychiatry, 25(6), 302-310. DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000147.
Agans, J. P., Su, S., & Ettekal, A. V. (2018). Peer motivational climate and character development: Testing a practitioner-developed youth sport model. Journal of adolescence, 62, 108-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.008.
Alhammad, M. (2017). Motivation, anxiety and gender: How they influence the acquisition of English as a second language for Saudi students studying in Ireland. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 93-104.
Álvarez, E. F., López, J. C., Gómez, V., Brito, J., & González, H. A. (2017). Influencia de la motivación y del flow disposicional sobre la intención de realizar actividad físico-deportiva en adolescentes de cuatro países. RETOS, Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 31(1), 46-51.
Ambrís, J. (2013). Estilos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en relación con la satisfacción y ansiedad que provoca el fútbol en edades tempranas en Ciudad del Carmen (México). Tesis doctoral: Universidad de Granada.
Ames, C. (1984). Achievement attributions and self-instructions under competitive and individualistic goal structures. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 478-487. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.76.3.478
Ames, C. (1992). Achievement goals, motivational climate and motivational processes. En G. C. (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 161-176). Champaingn, IL: Human Kinetics.
Aoyagi, M. W., Poczwardowski, A., Statler, T., Shapiro, J. L., & Cohen, A. B. (2017). The Performance Interview Guide: Recommendations for initial consultations in sport and performance psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(5), 352-360. DOI: 10.1037/a0025676
Bennett, J., & Maynard, I. (2017). Performance blocks in sport: Recommendations for treatment and implications for sport psychology practitioners. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8(1), 60-68. DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2016.1227414.
Boixadós, M., & Cruz, J. (2000). Evaluación del clima motivacional, satisfacción, percepción de habilidad y actitudes de fair play en futbolista alevines e infantiles y en sus entrenadores. Apunts, 62, 6-13.
Breske, M. P., Fry, M. D., Fry, A. C., & Hogue, C. M. (2017). The effects of goal priming on cortisol responses in an ego-involving climate. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 74-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.001
Buarque, B. (2017). The invention of the beautiful game: Football and the making of modern Brazil. Hispanic American Historical Review, 97(3), 556-558. DOI: 10.1017/tam.2017.137
Castillo, I., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. (2007). Efecto de la práctica de actividad física y de la participación deportiva sobre el estilo de vida saludable en la adolescencia en función del género. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 16, 201-210.
Castuera, R., Navarrete, B., Román, M., & Rabaz, F. (2015). Motivación y estadios de cambio para el ejercicio físico en adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(3), 196-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2014.11.001.
Cheval, B., Chalabaev, A., Quested, E., Courvoisier, D. S., & Sarrazin, P. (2017). How perceived autonomy support and controlling coach behaviors are related to well-and ill-being in elite soccer players: A within-person changes and between-person differences analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 28, 68-77. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.10.006
Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Schuttleworth, R. (2005). Applications of Dynamical systems Theory to Football. En T. Reilly, J. Cabri, D. Araújo (Eds.), Science and Football V (pp. 547-560). London: Routledge.
Djaoui, L., Chamari, K., Owen, A. L., & Dellal, A. (2017). Maximal sprinting speed of elite soccer players during training and matches. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1509-1517. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001642
Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.
Elliff, H., & Huertas, J. (2015). Clima motivacional de clase: en búsqueda de matices Classroom motivational climate: in search of nuances. Revista de Psicología, 11(21), 61-74.
Ettekal, A. V., Konowitz, L. S., Agans, J. P., Syer, T., & Lerner, R. M. (2017). Researcher-Practitioner Collaborations: Applying Developmental Science to Understand Sport Participation and Positive Youth Development. Journal of Community Engagement & Higher Education, 9(1), 29-45.
Fabra, P., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Mercé, J., & Duda, J. L. (2013). La eficacia de rol como mediadora entre el clima motivacional y el rendimiento en jóvenes futbolistas. Revista de Psicología Social, 28(1), 47-58. DOI: 10.1174/021347413804756023
Fernández, R. C., Yagüe, J. M., Molinero, O., Márquez, S., & Salguero, A. (2014). Análisis de las diferencias motivacionales entre el fútbol 7 y el fútbol 11. Cuadernos de psicología del deporte, 14(2), 47-58. OI: 10.4321/S1578-84232014000200006.
García-Mas, A., Palou, P., Smith, R.E., Ponseti, X., Almeida, P., Lameiras, J., Jiménez, R. y Leiva, A. (2011). Ansiedad competitiva y clima motivacional en jóvenes futbolista de competición, en relación con las habilidades y el rendimiento percibido por sus entrenadores. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 20(1), 197-207.
Gogol, K., Brunner, M., Martin, R., Preckel, F., & Götz, T. (2017). Affect and motivation within and between school subjects: Development and validation of an integrative structural model of academic self-concept, interest, and anxiety. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 49, 46-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.11.003.
González-Cutre, D., Sicilia, A., & Moreno, J. A. (2008). Modelo cognitivo-social de la motivación de logro en educación física. Psicothema, 20(4), 642-651.
Graham, J. D., Martin-Ginis, K. A., & Bray, S. R. (2017). Exertion of self-control increases fatigue, reduces task self-efficacy, and impairs performance of resistance exercise. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(1), 70-88. DOI: 10.1037/spy0000074
Hancox, J. E., Quested, E., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2017). Teacher-created social environment, basic psychological needs, and dancers' affective states during class: A diary study. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 137-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.033.
Hogue, C. M., Fry, M. D., & Fry, A. C. (2017). The differential impact of motivational climate on adolescents’ psychological and physiological stress responses. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30, 118-127. DOI, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.02.004
Hwang, S., Machida, M., & Choi, Y. (2017). The effect of peer interaction on sport confidence and achievement goal orientation in youth sport. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 45(6), 1007-1018. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.6149.
Jones, G., Milligan, J., Llewellyn, D., Gledhill, A., & Johnson, M. I. (2017). Motivational orientation and risk taking in elite winter climbers: A qualitative study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 25-40. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2015.1069876
Keene, J. R., Berke, C., & Nutting, B. H. (2017). In the game or in the stands: A top-down and bottom-up approach to the processing and experience of sport communication. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(1), 85-104. DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.2016-0094.
Kolayiş, H., & Çelik, N. (2017). Examination of motivation, anxiety and imagery levels of footballers from different leagues. Revista de psicología del deporte, 26(3), 23-27.
Kroshus, E., & DeFreese, J. D. (2017). Athlete Burnout Prevention Strategies Used by US Collegiate Soccer Coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 31(4), 332-343.
Kuan, G., Morris, T., Kueh, Y. C., & Terry, P. (2018). Effects of relaxing and arousing music during imagery training on dart-throwing performance, physiological arousal indices, and competitive state anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-12. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00014
Lochbaum, M., Kallinen, V., & Konttinen, N. (2017). Task and Ego Goal Orientations across the Youth Sports Experience. Studia sportiva, 11(2), 99-105.
López, I. (2011). La evaluación de variables psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento en fútbol: Habilidades psicológicas para competir y personalidad resistente. Tesis doctoral. Granada: Universidad de Granada.
Lyons, M. D., Jones, S. J., Smith, B. H., McQuillin, S. D., Richardson, G., Reid, E., & McClellan, A. (2017). Motivation coaching training for instructional coaches: a pilot study of motivational interviewing skills training. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 25(5), 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/13611267.2017.1415796
Madrigal, L. A., & Wilson, P. B. (2017). Salivary Hormone and Anxiety Responses to Free-Throw Shooting Competition in Collegiate Female Basketball Players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(3), 240-253. DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2016-0034
Maehr, M. L., & Braskamp, L. A. (1986). The motivation factor. A theory of personal investment. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Martin, E. M., Gould, D., & Ewing, M. E. (2017). Youth's perceptions of rule-breaking and antisocial behaviours: Gender, developmental level, and competitive level differences. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 64-79. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2015.1055289
Masaki, H., Maruo, Y., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2017). Neural Correlates of Choking Under Pressure: Athletes High in Sports Anxiety Monitor Errors More When Performance Is Being Evaluated. Developmental neuropsychology, 42(2), 104-112. DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1274314.
Mistretta, E. G., Glass, C. R., Spears, C. A., Perskaudas, R., Kaufman, K. A., & Hoyer, D. (2017). Collegiate Athletes’ Expectations and Experiences With Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(3), 201-221. DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2016-0043
Morales, A., & Guzmán, M. (2000). Diccionario Temático de los Deportes. Málaga: Arguval.
Morgan, K. (2017). Reconceptualizing motivational climate in physical education and sport coaching: An interdisciplinary perspective. Quest, 69(1), 95-112. DOI: 10.1080/00336297.2016.1152984
Newton, M. L., Duda J. L., & Yin, Z. (2000). Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 275-290. DOI: 10.1080/026404100365018
Nicholls, J. G. (1980). The development of the concept of difficulty. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26(3), 271-281.
Olmedilla, A., Álvarez, A., Ortín, F. J., & Redondo, A. (2009). Ansiedad competitiva, percepción de éxito y lesiones: un estudio en futbolistas. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 9(33), 14-26.
Olmedilla, A., Bazaco, M.J., Ortega, E., & Boladeras, A. (2011). Formación psicológica en futbolistas juveniles con el bienestar psicológico percibido, la ansiedad y la satisfacción. Revista Electrónica de Psicología, 12, 221-237.
Ortiz-Marholz, P. F., Chirosa, L. J., Martín-Tamayo, I., Garrido, R., Enrique, R., & García-Mas, A. (2016). Compromiso Deportivo a través del Clima Motivacional creado por madre, padre y entrenador en jóvenes futbolistas. Revista de psicología del deporte, 25(2), 245-252.
Özcan, İ., Eniseler, N., & Şahan, Ç. (2018). Effects of small-sided games and conventional aerobic interval training on various physiological characteristics and defensive and offensive skills used in soccer. Kinesiology: International journal of fundamental and applied kinesiology, 50(1), 5-6.
Radaelli, G., Dell’Era, C., Frattini, F., & Messeni-Petruzzelli, A. (2018). Entrepreneurship and human capital in professional sport: A longitudinal analysis of the Italian soccer league. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(1), 70-93.
Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2018). The impact of achievement goals on cheating in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 98-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.016.
Scelles, N., Helleu, B., Durand, C., Bonnal, L., & Morrow, S. (2017). Explaining the Number of Social Media Fans for North American and European Professional Sports Clubs with Determinants of Their Financial Value. International Journal of Financial Studies, 5(4), 25-44. DOI: 10.3390/ijfs5040025
Schneider, R., Harrington, M., & Tobar, D. (2017). Goal orientation and how a task or ego mentality can affect the enjoyment for college hockey players. College Student Journal, 51(1), 57-62.
Shrout, M. R., Voelker, D. K., Munro, G. D., & Kubitz, K. A. (2017). Associations Between Sport Participation, Goal and Sportspersonship Orientations, and Moral Reasoning. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 502-518. DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2016.1233494
Smith, N., Quested, E., Appleton, P. R., & Duda, J. L. (2017). Observing the coach-created motivational environment across training and competition in youth sport. Journal of sports sciences, 35(2), 149-158. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1159714
Spielberg, C., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). The state–trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory, (Form Y). Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Swann, C., Crust, L., & Vella, S. A. (2017). New directions in the psychology of optimal performance in sport: flow and clutch states. Current opinion in psychology, 16, 48-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.032.
Tadic, D., MacLeod, C., Cabeleira, C. M., Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., & Bucks, R. S. (2017). Age differences in negative and positive expectancy bias in comorbid depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1414688.
Thelwell, R. C., Wood, J., Harwood, C., Woolway, T., & Van Raalte, J. L. (2018). The role, benefits and selection of sport psychology consultants: Perceptions of youth-sport coaches and parents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 131-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.001.
Trujillo, M. A., Khoddam, R., Greenberg, J. B., Dyal, S. R., Ameringer, K. J., Zvolensky, M. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2017). Distress tolerance as a correlate of tobacco dependence and motivation: Incremental relations over and above anxiety and depressive symptoms. Behavioral Medicine, 43(2), 120-128. DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2015.1110559.
Vaessen, B. E., van den Beemt, A., van de Watering, G., van Meeuwen, L. W., Lemmens, L., & den Brok, P. (2017). Students’ perception of frequent assessments and its relation to motivation and grades in a statistics course: a pilot study. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), 872-886. DOI: 10.1080/02602938.2016.1204532.
Valdivia-Moral, P., Zafra, E., Zurita, F., Castro-Sánchez, M., Muros, J. J., & Cofre-Bolados, C. (2016). Niveles de Ansiedad en Judocas chilenos. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 8(2), 129-138.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (1996) Fundamentos de psicología del deporte y del ejercicio físico. Barcelona: Ariel.
Zarauz, A., & Ruiz-Juan, F. (2016). Motivación, satisfacción, percepción y creencias sobre las causas del éxito en atletas veteranos españoles. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 11(1), 37-46.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
