El COVID-19 afecta el rendimiento de carrera de partido en jugadores de fútbol profesional (COVID-19 affects match running performance in professional soccer players)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.108034Palabras clave:
coronavirus, fisiología, desempeño y análisis de tareas, rendimiento en partidos, cargas externas, deportesResumen
Objetivos: Comparar el rendimiento de carrera en partidos de futbolistas masculinos de la Serie A de Brasil antes y después de haber sido infectados con COVID-19. Métodos: La muestra consistió en 20 futbolistas profesionales de equipos de Río de Janeiro durante las temporadas 2020 y 2021, tanto antes como después de la infección por COVID-19. Los datos de rendimiento de carrera en partidos se recopilaron utilizando un sistema de posicionamiento global (GPS), y el análisis incluye datos promedio de 1 a 17 partidos antes de la infección y de 1 a 13 partidos después de la infección por jugador. Resultados: La infección por COVID-19 tuvo un efecto incierto en la distancia total recorrida durante los partidos [Factor SWC = -1,9, 90 % CL (-4,7; 0,9)], el número de sprints a velocidades superiores a 24 km/h [Factor SWC = 1,1, 90 % CL (-1,7; 3,9)], la velocidad máxima alcanzada [Factor SWC = 0,1, 90 % CL (-2,6; 2,9)], el número de desaceleraciones [Factor SWC = -2,2, 90 % CL (-5,0; 0,6)], los esfuerzos explosivos [Factor SWC = -2,4, 90 % CL (-5,1; 0,4)], la distancia recorrida a velocidades entre 0 y 7 km/h [Factor SWC = 2,4, 90 % CL (-0,4; 5,2)], y la distancia recorrida a velocidades entre 7 y 14 km/h [Factor SWC = -1,8, 90 % CL (-4,5; 1,0)]. Sin embargo, hubo una disminución moderada y significativa en la distancia recorrida durante la carrera de alta intensidad, definida como velocidades superiores a 20 km/h [Factor SWC = -4,2, 90 % CL (-7,0; -1,5)], el número de aceleraciones superiores a 3 m/s² [Factor SWC = -3,6, 90 % CL (-6,4; -0,9)], y la distancia recorrida a velocidades entre 14 y 20 km/h [Factor SWC = -3,5, 90 % CL (-6,2; -0,7)]. Los resultados también mostraron que la infección por COVID-19 provocó una disminución sustancial en los minutos jugados durante los partidos [Factor SWC = -4,0, 90 % CL (-6,8; -1,3)], lo que afectó el análisis de los valores absolutos relacionados con las variables del partido. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que los jugadores que se infectaron con COVID-19 experimentaron cambios en su rendimiento de carrera en partidos, particularmente disminuciones en la distancia recorrida durante la carrera de alta intensidad y aumentos en la distancia recorrida a velocidades entre 0 y 7 km/h. Es necesario realizar un análisis adicional en otras poblaciones de jugadores (en otras ligas) para verificar estos hallazgos.
Palabras clave: Coronavirus, Fisiología, Desempeño y análisis de tareas, Rendimiento en partidos, Carga externa.
Abstract. Objectives: To compare the match running performance of male soccer players in the Brazilian A series before and after being infected with COVID-19. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 professional soccer players from Rio de Janeiro-based teams during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, pre- and post-COVID-19 infection. Match running performance data were collected using a Global positioning system (GPS), and the analysis includes average data across 1 to 17 games pre-infection and 1 to 13 games post-infection per player. Results: COVID-19-infection induced an unclear effect on the total distance traveled during the match [SWC-Factor = -1.9, 90 % CL (-4.7; 0.9)], the number of sprints at speeds over 24 km/h [SWC-Factor = 1.1, 90 % CL (-1.7; 3.9)], maximum speed reached [SWC-Factor = 0.1, 90 % CL (-2.6; 2.9)], the number of decelerations [SWC-Factor = -2.2, 90 % CL (-5.0; 0.6) ], explosive efforts [SWC-Factor = -2.4, 90 % CL (-5.1; 0.4) ], distance traveled at speeds between 0 and 7 km/h [SWC-Factor = 2.4, 90 % CL (-0.4; 5.2) ], and distance traveled at speeds between 7 and 14 km/h [SWC-Factor = -1.8, 90 % CL (-4.5; 1.0) ]. However there was a moderate and significant decrease in distance covered during high-intensity running, defined as speeds greater than 20 km/h [SWC-Factor = -4.2, 90 % CL (-7.0; -1.5) ], the number of accelerations greater than 3 m/s² [SWC-Factor = -3.6, 90 % CL (-6.4; -0.9) ], and distance traveled at speeds between 14 and 20 km/h [SWC-Factor = -3.5, 90 % CL (-6.2; -0.7) ]. The results also showed that COVID-19-infection led to a substantial decrease in minutes played during matches [SWC-Factor = -4.0, 90 % CL (-6.8; -1.3)], affecting the analysis of match variables' absolute values. Conclusion: The results suggest that players infected with COVID-19 experienced changes in match running performance, notably decreases in distance covered during high-intensity running and increases traveled at speeds between 0 and 7 km/h. Further analysis of other player populations (in other leagues) is necessary to verify these findings.
Keywords: Coronavirus, Physiology, Task Performance and Analysis, Match running, External Load.
Citas
Abbott, W., Brickley, G., & Smeeton, N. J. (2018). Positional difference in outputs and perception effort during soccer training games and competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(11), 3222–3231. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002739
Altmann, S., Neumann, R., Woll, A., & Härtel, S. (2020). Endurance capacities in professional soccer players: Are perfor-mance profiles position specific? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(September), 579150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.579150
Aquino, R., Carling, C., Maia, J., Vieira, L. H. P., Wilson, R. S., Smith, N., et al. (2020). Relationships between running demands in soccer match-play, anthropometric, and physical fitness characteristics: A systematic review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(3), 534–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1714309
Bangsbo, J., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2006). Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite foot-ball player. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(7), 665–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500482529
Bezuglov, E., Lazarev, A., Achkasov, E., Khaitin, V., Romanova, L., Butovskiy, M., et al. (2020). The incidence and severity of COVID-19 in adult professional soccer players. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.20220400
Brito de Souza, D., López-Del Campo, R., Resta, R., Moreno-Perez, V., & Del Coso, J. (2021). Running patterns in LaLiga before and after suspension of the competition due to COVID-19. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(April), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.667731
Buchheit, M. (2016). The numbers will love you back in return—I promise. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(4), 551–554. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0704
Buldú, J. M., Antequera, D. R., & Aguirre, J. (2020). The resumption of sports competitions after COVID-19 lockdown: The case of the Spanish football league. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110191
Castro, R., Luz, P. M., Wakimoto, M. D., Veloso, V. G., Grinsztejn, B., & Perazzo, H. (2020). COVID-19: A meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of commercial assays registered in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 24(2), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2020.05.004
Cohen, D. D., Restrepo, A., Richter, C., Harry, J. R., Franchi, M. V., Restrepo, C., et al. (2020). Detraining of specific neuromuscular qualities in elite footballers during COVID-19 quarantine. Science and Medicine in Football, 00(00), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1766665
Cowan, L. T., Lutsey, P. L., Pankow, J. S., Matsushita, K., Ishigami, J., & Lakshminarayan, K. (2018). Inpatient and outpa-tient infection as a trigger of cardiovascular disease: The ARIC study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(22). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009683
Dolci, F., Hart, N. H., Kilding, A. E., Chivers, P., Piggott, B., & Spiteri, T. (2020). Physical and energetic demand of soc-cer. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 42(3), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000518
Dores, H., & Cardim, N. (2020). Return to play after COVID-19: A sport cardiologist’s view. British Journal of Sports Medici-ne, 54(19), 1132–1133. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102482
Fernandez Ortega, J. A., Hoyos Cuartas, L. A., Reina Prieto, J., Guzmán Pinzón, N. P., & Becerra Patiño, B. A. (2024). Variación de la condición física e impacto de la COVID-19 en adultos jóvenes colombianos: Un estudio retrospectivo ob-servacional de 11 años (Variation in physical fitness and the impact of COVID-19 in young Colombian adults: An 11-year observational retrospective study). Retos, 59, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107090
Freire, L. de A., Tannure, M., Sampaio, M., Slimani, M., Znazen, H., & Bragazzi, N. L., et al. (2020). COVID-19-related restrictions and quarantine COVID-19: Effects on cardiovascular and yo-yo test performance in professional soccer play-ers. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(January), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.622872
García-Aliaga, A., Marquina, M., Cordón-Carmona, A., Sillero-Quintana, M., de la Rubia, A., & Román, I. R. (2021). Comparative analysis of soccer performance intensity of the pre–post-lockdown covid-19 in LaLigaTM. International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073485
Gomez-Piqueras, P., Gonzalez-Villora, S., Castellano, J., & Teoldo, I. (2019). Relation between the physical demands and success in professional soccer players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.141.01
Grazioli, R., Loturco, I., Baroni, B. M., Oliveira, G. S., Saciura, V., Vanoni, E., et al. (2020). Coronavirus disease-19 quar-antine is more detrimental than traditional off-season on physical conditioning of professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(12), 3316–3320. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003802
Impellizzeri, F. M., Franchi, M. V., Sarto, F., Meyer, T., & Coutts, A. J. (2020). Sharing information is probably more help-ful than providing generic training recommendations on return to play after COVID-19 home confinement. Science and Medicine in Football, 0(0), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1757980
Inciardi, R. M., Lupi, L., Zaccone, G., Italia, L., Raffo, M., Tomasoni, D., et al. (2020). Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiology, 5(7), 819–824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096
Jennings, D., Cormack, S., Coutts, A. J., Boyd, L., & Aughey, R. J. (2010). Variability in load as measured by s-RPE and its association with player characteristics in elite Australian football. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.328
Joo, C. H. (2016). The effects of short-term detraining on exercise performance in soccer players. Journal of Exercise Rehabili-tation, 12(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1632598.299
Joo, C. H. (2018). The effects of short-term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS One, 13(5), e0196212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196212
Jukić, I., Calleja-González, J., Cos, F., Cuzzolin, F., Olmo, J., Terrados, N., et al. (2020). Strategies and solutions for team sports athletes in isolation due to COVID-19. Sports, 8(4), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040056
Kalinowski, P., Myszkowski, J., & Marynowicz, J. (2021). Effect of online training during the COVID-19 quarantine on the aerobic capacity of youth soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126195
Koundourakis, N. E., Androulakis, N. E., Malliaraki, N., Tsatsanis, C., Venihaki, M., & Margioris, A. N. (2014). Discrep-ancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six-week detraining period in professional soccer players. PLoS One, 9(2), e87803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087803
Lakens, D. (2017). Equivalence tests: A practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617697177
Mack, D., Gärtner, B. C., Rössler, A., Kimpel, J., Donde, K., Harzer, O., Krutsch, W., von Laer, D., & Meyer, T. (2021). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in a large prospective cohort study of elite football players in Germany (May–June 2020): Implications for a testing protocol in asymptomatic individuals and estimation of the rate of undetected cases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27, e471–e473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.046
Madjid, M., Safavi-Naeini, P., Solomon, S. D., & Vardeny, O. (2020). Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascu-lar system: A review. JAMA Cardiology, 5(7), 831–840. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286
Meyer, T., Mack, D., Donde, K., Harzer, O., Krutsch, W., Rössler, A., et al. (2021). Successful return to professional men’s football (soccer) competition after the COVID-19 shutdown: A cohort study in the German Bundesliga. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(1), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
Modric, T., Esco, M., Perkovic, S., Basic, Z., Versic, S., Morgans, R., & Sekulic, D. (2023). Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37(11), 2222–2228. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004539
Modric, T., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football play-ers; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon, 6(11), e05304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05304
Modric, T., Versic, S., Sekulic, D., & Liposek, S. (2019). Analysis of the association between running performance and game performance indicators in professional soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203986
Nobari, H., Oliveira, R., Brito, J. P., Pérez‐gómez, J., Clemente, F. M., & Ardigò, L. P. (2021). Comparison of running distance variables and body load in competitions based on their results: A full‐season study of professional soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041548
Pedersen, L., Lindberg, J., Lind, R. R., & Rasmusen, H. (2021). Reopening elite sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences from a controlled return to elite football in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31, 936–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13875
Pérez-Contreras, J., Merino-Muñoz, P., & Aedo-Muñoz, E. (2021). Vínculo entre composición corporal, sprint y salto ver-tical en futbolistas jóvenes de élite de Chile. MHSalud: Revista en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Salud, 18(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.18-2-3
Petersen, C., Pyne, D. B., Portus, M. R., Karppinen, S., & Dawson, B. (2009). Variability in movement patterns during One Day Internationals by a cricket fast bowler. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(2), 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.2.278
Petersen, C., Pyne, D., Portus, M., & Dawson, B. (2009a). Validity and reliability of GPS units to monitor cricket-specific movement patterns. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(3), 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.3.381
Rampinini, E., Bishop, D., Marcora, S. M., Ferrari Bravo, D., Sassi, R., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(3), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924340
Rampinini, E., Bishop, D., Marcora, S. M., Ferrari Bravo, D., Sassi, R., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(3), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924340
Rampinini, E., Donghi, F., Martin, M., Bosio, A., Riggio, M., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on Serie A soccer players’ physical qualities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(10), 917-923. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1345-0381
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., Villa Vicente, J. G., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2018). Effects of short-term in-season break detraining on repeated-sprint ability and intermittent en-durance according to initial performance of soccer player. PLoS One, 13(8), e0201111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201111
Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, A., García-Soidán , J. L., & Navarro-Patón , R. (2024). ¿La pandemia ha cambiado la metodología de entrenamiento del fútbol? (Has the pandemic changed soccer training methodologies?). Retos, 58, 753–759. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107042
Sarto, F., Impellizzeri, F., Spörri, J., Olmo, J., Requena, B., Suarez, L., et al. (2020). Impact of potential physiological changes due to COVID-19 home confinement on athlete health protection in elite sports: A call for awareness in sports programming. Institute of Physiology Department of Biomedical Sciences, (0123456789), 1–6.
Savicevic, A. J., Nincevic, J., Versic, S., Cuschieri, S., Bandalovic, A., Turic, A., et al. (2021). Performance of professional soccer players before and after COVID-19 infection; observational study with an emphasis on graduated return to play. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111688
Schellhorn, P., Klingel, K., & Burgstahler, C. (2021). Return to sports after COVID-19 infection. European Heart Journal, 41(46), 4382–4384. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa448
Schumacher, Y. O., Tabben, M., Hassoun, K., Al Marwani, A., Al Hussein, I., Coyle, P., Abbassi, A. K., Ballan, H. T., Al-Kuwari, A., & Chamari, K. (2021). Resuming professional football (soccer) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coun-try with high infection rates: A prospective cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55, 1092–1098. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103150
Schwellnus, M., Sewry, N., Snyders, C., Kaulback, K., Wood, P. S., Seocharan, I., Derman, W., Hull, J. H., Valtonen, M., Jordaan, E. (2021). Symptom cluster is associated with prolonged return-to-play in symptomatic athletes with acute res-piratory illness (including COVID-19): A cross-sectional study—AWARE study I. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55, 1144–1152. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103714
Scott, M. T. U., Scott, T. J., & Kelly, V. G. (2016). The validity and reliability of global positioning systems in team sport: A brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(5), 1470–1490. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001221
Tostmann, A., Bradley, J., Bousema, T., Yiek, W., Holwerda, M., Bleeker-Rovers, C., et al. (2020). Strong associations and moderate predictive value of early symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(23), 1. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2000508
Villaseca-Vicuña, R., Molina-Sotomayor, E., Zabaloy, S., & Gonzalez-Jurado, J. A. (2021). Anthropometric profile and phys-ical fitness performance comparison by game position in the Chile women’s senior national football team. Applied Sciences, 11(5), 2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052190
Villaseca-Vicuña, R., Pérez-Contreras, P., Merino-Muñoz, J., González-Jurado, J. A., & Aedo-Muñoz, E. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 confinement measures on training loads and the degree of well-being of players from Chile women’s na-tional soccer team. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 69(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v69n1.81853
Wilson, A., Carlson, L. M., Norton, C., & Bruce, W. D. (2022). Decreases in performance observed after COVID-19 infection in high school female soccer players. International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2021-0103
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
