Revisión sistematizada: Evaluación isocinética en la valoración deportiva de extremidad superior (Systematized review: Isokinetic evaluation in the assessment of upper extremity sports)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.104181Palabras clave:
Evaluación isocinética, isocinético, deportes de las extremidades superiores, miembro superiorResumen
Objetivo: Se realizó una revisión sistematizada para identificar los estudios que durante los últimos diez años han utilizado equipos isocinéticos en deportes donde la extremidad superior es base de su práctica, para brindar una visión actualizada y detallada de su uso, metodologías y variables utilizadas en sus resultados. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada de 10 años de información, a través de PRISMA, en las bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, CINAHL, utilizando términos combinados: «isokinetic», «upper extremity», «upper limb» , «deporte», «ejercicios», «extremidad superior». Resultados: Se identificaron 9406 artículos en las bases de datos para revisión, de los cuales solo 46 fueron seleccionados con base en criterios de inclusión. Entre los deportes evaluados, 25 artículos corresponden a deportes con lanzamientos por encima de la cabeza (baloncesto, voleibol, béisbol, balonmano, entre otros), seguido de los deportes paralímpicos con seis artículos (baloncesto y voleibol). Deportes como la natación, el judo, la halterofilia, el waterpolo o los deportes combinados completan la lista. Los músculos rotadores del hombro fueron los más evaluados y la modalidad concentrico-concentrico fue la más utilizada. La variable de momento o torque es el más reportada, pero las metodologías de evaluación y las velocidades seleccionadas difieren significativamente entre los estudios. Conclusión: Las metodologías utilizadas son variadas (i.e. selección de velocidad, tipo de contracción muscular, posicionamiento y dominancia), y su selección no siempre estuvo orientada a la funcionalidad de la práctica deportiva. Además, se observó que algunos estudios necesitaban especificar la modalidad isocinética utilizada, dejando un vacío en la información relevante dentro de los métodos de estudio y afectando su replicabilidad futura.
Palabras clave: Evaluación isocinética; isocinético; deportes de las extremidades superiores; miembro superior.
Abstract. Objective: A systematized review was carried out to identify the studies that during the last ten years have used isokinetic equipment in sports in which the upper extremity is the basis of its practice, to provide an updated and detailed view of its use, methodologies and the variables used to express their results. Methods: A systematized search of 10 years of information was carried out, according to the PRISMA process, in the databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, CINAHL, using combined terms: «isokinetic» «upper extremity», «upper limb», « sport», «exercises», «upper extremity». Results: 9406 articles were identified in the databases for review, of which only 46 were selected based on inclusion criteria. Among the sports evaluated, 25 articles correspond to sports with overhead throws (basketball, volleyball, baseball, handball, among others), followed by Paralympic sports with six articles (basketball and volleyball). Sports such as swimming, judo, weightlifting, water polo, or combined sports complete the list. The shoulder rotator muscles were the most evaluated and the concentric-concentric modality was the most used. The variable moment is the most reported, but the evaluation methodologies and selected speeds differ significantly between studies. Conclusion: The methodologies used are varied (i.e., selection of speed, type of muscular contraction, positioning, and dominance), and their selection was not always oriented toward the functionality of sports practice. In addition, it was observed that some studies needed to specify the isokinetic modality used, leaving a gap in relevant information within the study methods and affecting their future replicability.
Keywords: Isokinetic evaluation; Isokinetic; upper extremity sports; upper limb.
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