Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms

Authors

  • G. Burillo-Putze Servicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Tenerife. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Canarias.
  • E. López Briz Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España
  • B. Climent Díaz Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Sº de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, España.
  • S. Nogue Xarau Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Sº de Urgencias, Hospital Clìnic, Barcelona, España
  • P. Munne Mas Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Sº de Urgencias, Hospital Clìnic, Barcelona, España
  • M. A. Pinillos Echeverría Servicio de Urgencias, Hos`pital de Navarra, Pamplona, España.
  • RS Hoffman

Keywords:

Smart-drugs. Hallucinogenic plants. Magic mushrooms. Salvia divinorum. Kratom. Ayahuasca.

Abstract

An increase in the consumption of vegetable substances with a hallucinogenic effect has been observed. Some of these substances are associated with ancestral religious ceremonies, while many of them are legal or are partially regulated.

Salvia divinorum is a powerful kappa receptor agonist, with dissociative and hallucinogenic properties, which start quickly and have a short duration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa) has mitragynine as its principal alkaloid, with stimulating effects at low doses (coke-like effect), and sedative effects (opiate-like effect) at high doses. Several deaths from its consumption have been detected. The consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms appears in cyclic form, although there has been increase in their online offer. They are consumed in search of their hallucinogenic effects, above all those belonging to the family of psilocybes, which contain tryptamines with a hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD. Peyote (Lophophora psilocybes), a cactus rich in mescaline (trimetoxifeniletilamina), produces hallucinations of the five senses, and forms part of the religious culture of the North American Indians.

Daturas, which are ubiquitous, produce anticholinergic symptoms and effects on the central nervous system (delirium, hallucinations, etc.), due to their high atropine and scopolamine content. Other substances used for their hallucinogenic effects include the drink known as ayahuasca, and seeds for preparing infusions like Ololiuqui, Morning Glory (Ipomoea violacea), Hawaian Baby Woodrose (Argyreia nervosa), Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala) and Iboga Rootbark (Tabernanthe iboga).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Comisión Clínica de la Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas. 6º informe: Drogas emergentes. Disponible en: http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/pdf/InformeDrogasEmergentes.pdf. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

2. ROSENBAUM CD, CARREIRO SP, BABU KM. Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 2012; 8: 15-32.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2

3. Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías. Informe anual 2012: el problema de la drogodependencia en Europa. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea 2012. Disponible en: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_190854_ES_TDAC12001ESC_.pdf. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

4. REY A, SUPERVÍA A, AGUIRRE A, ECHARTE JL. Síncope y bradicardia sinusal en una consumidora de cocaína y cannabis. Emergencias 2012; 24: 340.

5. BURILLO-PUTZE G, DÍAZ BC, PAZOS JL, MAS PM, MIRÓ O, PUIGURIGUER J, et al. Drogas Emergentes (I): smart drugs. An Sist Sanit Navar 2011; 34: 263-274.

https://doi.org/10.4321/S1137-66272011000200012

6. BURILLO-PUTZE G, ALDEA-PERONA A, RODRÍGUEZ-JIMÉNEZ C, GARCÍA-SÁIZ MM, CLIMENT B, DUEÑAS A et al. Drogas Emergentes (II). El fenómeno del pharming. An Sist Sanit Navar 2013; 36: 99-114.

https://doi.org/10.4321/S1137-66272013000100010

7. BURILLO PUTZE G, MESA FUMERO J. Toxicología clínica, urgencias y urgencias pediátricas. Emergencias 2012; 24: 346-347.

8. NOGUÉ S. Sobre los roles del toxicólogo clínico. Emergencias 2012; 24: 496-497.

9. WINKELMAN M. Drug tourism or spiritual healing? Ayahuasca seekers in Amazonia. J Psychoactive Drugs 2005; 37: 209-218.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399803

10. RIVERA NÚÑEZ A, BOROBIA PÉREZ AM, CALVIN E, CAPILLA R, TORRES MR, QUINTANA DÍAZ M. Consultas psiquiátricas, intentos autolíticos y noches de luna llena en los servicios de urgencias. Emergencias 2012; 24: 497-498.

11. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas. Encuesta sobre alcohol y drogas en España (EDADES), 2011-2012. Disponible en URL: http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/observa/pdf/EDADES2011.pdf. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

12. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas. Encuesta estatal sobre Uso de Drogas en Estudiantes de 14 a 18 años de Enseñanzas Secundarias (ESTUDES 2010). Disponible en URL: http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/observa/pdf/ESTUDES_2010.pdf

13. European Monitoring Centre for drugs and dugs addictions. INFORME NACIONAL 2012 (datos del 2011) AL OEDT por el Punto Focal Nacional Reitox. ESPAÑA. Evolución, Tendencias y Cuestiones Particulares. Disponible en: http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/pdf/Informe_Nacional_REITOX2012.pdf

14. RAMÓN MF, BALLESTEROS S, LARROTCHA MC, MARTÍNEZ-ARRIETA R, BANDRÉS F. Poisoning by plants with psychotropic effects. Special Mention to intentional abuse in Spain. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43: 522.

15. Psychonaut Web Mapping Reseacrh Group. Salvia Divinorum repot. Institute of Psychiatry, King's College Londom, London UK, 2009. Disponible en: http://www.psychonautproject.eu/documents/reports/Salvia.pdf. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

16. BAGGOTT MJ, EROWID E, EROWID F, GALLOWAY GP, MENDELSON J. Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: an internet-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 111: 250-256.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.003

17. JOHNSON MW, MACLEAN KA, REISSIG CJ, PRISINZANO TE, GRIFFITHS RR. Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 115: 150-155.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005

18. ALBERTSON DN, GRUBBS LE. Subjective effects of Salvia Divinorum: LSD- or Marijuana-like? J Psychoactive Drugs 2009; 41: 213-217.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400531

19. KELLY BC. Legally tripping: a qualitative profile of Salvia divinorum use among young adults. J Psychoact Drug 2011; 43: 46-54.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.566500

20. PRZEKOP P, LEE T. Persistent psychosis associated with Salvia divinorum use. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 832.

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121759

21. AZKUNAGA B, MINTEGI S, DEL ARCO ARCO L, BIZKARRA I. Cambios epidemiológicos en las intoxicaciones atendidas en los servicios de urgencias pediátricos españoles entre 2001 y 2010: incremento de las intoxicaciones etílicas. Emergencias 2012; 24: 376-379.

22. VOHRA R, SEEFELD A, CANTRELL FL, CLARK RF. Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years. J Emerg Med 2011; 40: 643-650.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.019

23. HASSAN Z, MUZAIMI M, NAVARATNAM V, YUSOFF NH, SUHAIMI FW, VADIVELU R. From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37: 138-151.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012

24. GINER GARCIA R, LOPEZ BRIZ E. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): ¿Droga emergente o bala mágica? Rev Esp Drogodep 2013; 38: 165-175.

25. KAPP FG, MAURER HH, AUWÄRTER V, WINKELMANN M, HERMANNS-CLAUSEN M. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J Med Toxicol 2011; 7: 227-231.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-011-0155-5

26. NELSEN JL, LAPOINT J, HODGMAN MJ, ALDOUS KM. Seizure and coma following Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) exposure. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6: 424-426.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-010-0079-5

27. HOLLER JM, VORCE SP, MCDONOUGH-BENDER PC, MAGLUILO J JR, SOLOMON CJ, LEVINE B. A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine. J Anal Toxicol 2011; 35: 54-59.

https://doi.org/10.1093/anatox/35.1.54

28. NEERMAN MF, FROST RE, DEKING J. A drug fatality involving Kratom. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58 (Suppl 1): S278-279.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12009

29. KRONSTRAND R, ROMAN M, THELANDER G, ERIKSSON A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J Anal Toxicol 2011; 35: 242-247.

https://doi.org/10.1093/anatox/35.4.242

30. BOYER EW, BABU KM, ADKINS JE, MCCURDY CR, HALPERN JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction 2008; 103: 1048-1050.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x

31. SANTIAGO AGUINAGA I, ELIZALDE FERNÁNDEZ J, PIQUERAS CARRASCO J, JEAN-LOUIS C. Síndrome cerebeloso tras el consumo de Morchella spp. Emergencias 2013 (en prensa).

32. PUIGURIGUER J, NOGUÉ S , ECHARTE JL, FERRER A, DUEÑAS A, GARCÍA L et al. Mortalidad hospitalaria por intoxicación aguda en España (EXITOX 2012). Emergencias 2013 (en prensa).

33. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Disponible en: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mushrooms

34. RENFROE CL, MESSINGER TA. Street drug analysis: an eleven year perspective on illicit drug alteration. Semin Adolesc Med 1985; 1: 247-257.

35. VAN AMSTERDAM J, OPPERHUIZEN A, VAN DEN BRINK W. Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59: 423-429.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006

36. CASTANYER PUIG B, PUIGURIGUER FERRANDO J, BARCELÓ MARTÍN B, NOGUÉ XARAU S. Encuesta a urgenciólogos sobre el papel del laboratorio en el manejo de las intoxicaciones agudas. Emergencias 2012; 24: 447-453.

37. CARSTAIRS SD, CANTRELL FL. Peyote and mescaline exposures: a 12-year review of a statewide poison center database. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 350-353.

https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650903586745

38. HASHIMOTO H, CLYDE VJ, PARKO KL. Botulism from peyote. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 203-204.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199807163390316

39. BRUHN JG, EL-SEEDI HR, STEPHANSON N, BECK O, SHULGIN AT. Ecstasy analogues found in cacti. J Psychoactive Drugs 2008; 40: 219-222.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400635

40. CARSTAIRS SD, CANTRELL FL. The spice of life: an analysis of nutmeg exposures in California. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49: 177-180.

https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.561210

41. Los muertos en la 'rave' consumieron alcohol y estramonio. El mundo. 23/08/2011. Disponible en: http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/08/22/madrid/1314031875.html

42. CASTAÑÓN LÓPEZ L, MARTÍNEZ BADÁS JP, LAPEÑA LÓPEZ DE ARMENTIA S, GÓMEZ MORA J, GARCÍA ARIAS ML. Intoxicación por datura stramonium. An Esp Pediatr 2000; 53: 53-55.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1695-4033(00)77414-5

43. KRENZELOK EP. Aspects of Datura poisoning and treatment. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 104-110.

https://doi.org/10.3109/15563651003630672

44. KRENZELOK EP, MRVOS R. Friends and foes in the plant world: a profile of plant ingestions and fatalities. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49: 142-149.

https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.568945

45. MARTÍNEZ SÁNCHEZ L, MINTEGI S, MOLINA CABAÑERO JC, AZKUNAGA B. Calidad de la atención recibida por los pacientes pediátricos con una intoxicación aguda en urgencias. Emergencias. 2012; 24: 380-385.

46. FERREIRA GONZÁLEZ L, VIVES RODRÍGUEZ E. Pseudoobstrucción intestinal secundaria a tratamiento anticolinérgico. Emergencias 2013 (en prensa).

47. BURNS MJ, LINDEN CH, GRAUDINS A, BROWN RM, FLETCHER KE. A comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35: 374-381.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(00)70057-6

48. KJELLGREN A, ERIKSSON A, NORLANDER T. Experiences of encounters with ayahuasca--"the vine of the soul". J Psychoactive Drugs 2009; 41: 309-315.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399767

49. Psychoactive plants and drugs. Disponible en: http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

50. PLESKOVIC A, GORJUP V, BRVAR M, KOZELJ G. Ibogaine-associated ventricular tachyarritmias. Clin Toxicol 2012; 50: 157.

https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.647031

51. Smart & headshop. www.azarius.net. Acceso el 30/09/2013.

52. Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías. Informe Europeo sobre Drogas 2013: Tendencias y novedades. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea. Disponible en: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_213154_ES_TDAT13001ESN1.pdf. Acceso el 21/10/2013.

53. COMISIÓN EUROPEA. COMUNICADO DE PRENSA. Bruselas, 17 de septiembre de 2013. La Comisión Europea toma medidas decididas contra los euforizantes legales. Disponible en: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-837_es.htm. Acceso el 21/10/2013.

54. GREENWOOD C. The khat 'gold rush': Extraordinary picture shows boom in imports as dealers race to cash in before drug is made illegal next year. MailOnline. Disponible en: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2469013/Khat-Drug-illegal-year-causes-boom-imports.html#ixzz2iMCqHHsd. Acceso el 20/10/2031.

Published

2014-01-09

How to Cite

1.
Burillo-Putze G, López Briz E, Climent Díaz B, Nogue Xarau S, Munne Mas P, Pinillos Echeverría MA, et al. Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms. An Sist Sanit Navar [Internet]. 2014 Jan. 9 [cited 2026 Jan. 2];36(3):505-18. Available from: https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/ASSN/article/view/23116

Issue

Section

Review article

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.