Conhecimento (anti)doping dos atletas: uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.105029Palavras-chave:
Doping in sport, anti-doping, education, knowledge, athleteResumo
Esta revisão sistemática examina criticamente o escopo do conhecimento dos atletas sobre regulamentações antidoping, com foco na literatura de 2018 a 2022. Seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, examinamos bancos de dados eletrônicos, incluindo Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed e Google Scholar, produzindo 4.009 artigos, com 17 atendendo aos nossos critérios para uma análise aprofundada. As nossas descobertas revelam uma disparidade significativa na sensibilização antidopagem em diferentes disciplinas desportivas e regiões. Notavelmente, a revisão destaca que, embora alguns atletas demonstrem uma compreensão abrangente das regras antidopagem, uma parte considerável permanece inconsciente de aspectos cruciais, levando potencialmente a violações inadvertidas de dopagem. A síntese dos estudos selecionados indica que os atuais programas educacionais sobre antidoping não são suficientemente adaptados para atender às diversas necessidades dos atletas em todo o mundo. Consequentemente, defendemos o desenvolvimento de intervenções educacionais direcionadas que se alinhem com os vários níveis de conhecimento existente entre os atletas. Ao aumentar a especificidade e o alcance da educação antidopagem, pretendemos capacitar os atletas para defenderem a integridade do desporto e aderirem ao Código Mundial Antidopagem, mitigando assim os riscos de dopagem intencional e não intencional.
Palavras-chave: Doping no esporte, antidoping, educação, conhecimento, atleta.
Referências
Adami, P. E., Koutlianos, N., Baggish, A., Bermon, S., Cavarretta, E., Deligiannis, A., Furlanello, F., Kouidi, E., Marques-Vidal, P., Niebauer, J., Pelliccia, A., Sharma, S., Solberg, E. E., Stuart, M., & Papadakis, M. (2022). Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: A position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 559–575. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198.
Albano, G. D., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Liberto, A., Maglietta, F., Esposito, M., Rosi, G. L., Di Nunno, N., Salerno, M., & Montana, A. (2021). Review adverse effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids: A literature review. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097.
Alharbi, F. F., Gamaleddin, I., Alharbi, S. F., Almodayfer, O., Allohidan, F., Alghobain, M., Arafah, A., & Al-Surimi, K. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male gym users: A community based survey in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(2), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.007.
Bolisani, E., & Bratianu, C. (2018). The Elusive Definition of Knowledge. In Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning (Vol. 4, Issue December 2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60657-6_1.
Boszkiewicz, K., Piwowar, A., & Petryszyn, P. (2022). Aromatase Inhibitors and Risk of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Adverse Effects in Breast Cancer Patients—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113133.
Burnett, C. (2023). We all stand accused in the fight against ‘doping’ among young South African rugby players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(7), 1677–1684. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.07205.
Ceylan, A., Calik, F., Geri, S., Sen, M., Ece, C., & Sumer, M. (2020). Determining the knowledge levels and opinions of athletes who is age under-16 in different branches about doping and ergogenic AIDS. Progress in Nutrition, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i4.10984.
Chiang, L. M., Shamsuddin, A. F., & Mahmood, T. M. T. (2018). Knowledge, attitude, and practice on doping of Malaysian student athletes. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(5), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.23598.
Del Arco, A., Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza, A., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Gogojewicz, A., & Castañeda-Babarro, A. (2023). Are Supplements Consumed by Middle-Distance Runners Evidence-Based? A Comparative Study between Level of Competition and Sex. Nutrients, 15(22), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224839.
Doewes, R. I., Prasetyo, H. J., Adi, P. W., Hendarto, S., Sabarini, S. S., & Listiani, D. (2020). Doping Understanding Survey on the Indonesian Asean Paragames Athletes and Coaches of 2020. Solid State Technology, 63(6).
Duda, H., & Stula, A. (2022). Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude in the Field of Doping in Young Athletes of Team Games Central. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 37(No. 1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.18276/cej.2022.1-05.
Fishbein, M. C. (2016). Toxins and the Heart. In Cardiovascular Pathology: Fourth Edition (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420219-1.00017-3.
García-Martí, C., Ospina-Betancurt, J., Asensio-Castañeda, E., & Chamorro, J. L. (2022). Study of an Anti-Doping Education Program in Spanish Sports Sciences Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316324.
Herrera, J. E. (2018). Sports Medicine and Adaptive Sports. In Braddom’s Rehabilitation Care: A Clinical Handbook. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-47904-2.00039-8.
Ijadunola, M. Y., Odia, B. O., Adepoju, O. A., Igwe, K. O., James, A. O., Koyenikan, Y. O., Inyang, U. J., & Kabiawu, B. A. (2018). Perception of Nigeria university athletes about performance-enhancing substances and drug testing. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 10(3), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1450772.
Ityodugh, J. I., State, B., Seer-uke, E. N., State, B., & Tyoakaa, A. A. O. R. (2019). Knowledge and Practice of Doping Among Secondary School Athletes in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Association for Physical, Health Education, Sports and Dance, 9(1), 377–383.
Jaafar, Z., & Hamat, N. H. W. (2020). Doping in Sport Among Malaysian Universities Athlete: Survey of the Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perception During Malaysian Universities Games in Kuala Lumpur 2014. The Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(5), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.09623-1.
Kaoche, J. M. C., Rintaugu, E. G., Kamenju, J., & Mwangi, F. M. (2020). Knowledge on doping among football athletes , coaches and sponsors in Malawi. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 11(December), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPESM2020.0346.
Kouidi, E. J., Kaltsatou, A., Anifanti, M. A., & Deligiannis, A. P. (2021). Early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, reduced baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac autonomic imbalance in anabolic–androgenic steroid users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136974.
Krishnan, A., Datta, K., Sharma, D., Das Sharma, S., Mahajan, U., Jhajharia, S., & Yadav, M. (2022). Survey of antidoping knowledge, attitudes and practices amongst elite Indian sportsmen and the way forward. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 78(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.03.020.
Macovei, V., & Mihailescu, L. (2021). Methodological arguments support in maintaing the development of an anti-doping competence in the formal education of high school sports program students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(6), 3586–3592. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.06484.
Mohammed, S. A., Tessena, T., Endiro, K. H., & Wubishet, B. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Doping Among Athletes of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.4303/jdar/236184.
Morente-Sánchez, J., Zandonai, T., & Zabala Díaz, M. (2019). Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge related to doping in different categories of football players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(9), 981–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.010.
Muller, R. K. (2010). Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Preface. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 195, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4.
Murofushi, Y., Kawata, Y., Kamimura, A., Hirosawa, M., & Shibata, N. (2018). Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: A cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-018-0178-x.
Mytskan, B., Mytskan, T., Oliinyk, Y., Korobeynikov, G., Cynarski, W., Zaborniak, S., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2022). Martial Arts and Doping (the Case of Sambo). Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(2), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.19.
Orr, R., Grassmayr, M., Macniven, R., Grunseit, A., Halaki, M., & Bauman, A. (2018). Australian athletes’ knowledge of the WADA Prohibited Substances List and performance enhancing substances. International Journal of Drug Policy, 56(November 2016), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.025.
Ozkan, O., Torgutalp, S. S., Kara, O. S., Donmez, G., Demirel, H., Karanfil, Y., Yargic, M. P., & Korkusuz, F. (2020). Doping knowledge and attitudes of turkish athletes: A cross-sectional study. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200307.
Sepriani, R., Bafirman, Mudjiran, Gusril, Syafrudin, & Bachtiar, S. (2022). Athlete Doping Knowledge Analysis: A Case Study of the 20th National Sports Week (PON) Papua 2021 in Indonesia. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4), 723–731. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100413.
Turfus, S. C., Smith, J. O. L., Mansingh, A., Alexander-Lindo, R. L., & Roopchand-Martin, S. (2019). Supplementation practices, perceptions and knowledge about anti-doping among Jamaican high school athletes. Performance Enhancement and Health, 7(1–2), 100145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.07.001.
UNESCO. (2005). International Convention against Doping in Sport Paris, 19 October 2005. Standard-Setting at UNESCO, 3(3), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164543.1-760.37.
Vlad, R. A., Hancu, G., Popescu, G. C., & Lungu, I. A. (2018). Doping in sports, a never-ending story? Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 8(4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.062.
WADA. (2021). World Anti-Doping Agency: The Code 2021 (pp. 0–119). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021_code.pdf.
WADA. (2023). World Anti-Doping Program: 2020 Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) Report. May. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/2020_adrv_report.pdf.
Yalcin, I., Fehmi, C., Ece, C., Geri, S., Seker, R., & Yalcin, S. (2019). Knowledge levels and preference reasons regarding the doping of u23 Turkish national team athletes. Progress in Nutrition, 21(2), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v21i2.8396.
Zhumabayeva, G., Kapanova, G., Vinnikov, D., Bakasheva, M., Abdulla, V., & Grjibovski, A. (2022). Knowledge and experience of Kazakhstan athletes in anti-doping and the impact of past educational intervention. Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-022-00461-7.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
