El impacto inicial con antepié incrementa la actividad muscular del gastrocnemios durante la carrera. Un estudio cuantitativo de actividad electromiográfica (The initial impact with forefoot increases the muscular activity of gastrocnemius during running)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.73955Keywords:
carrera, actividad muscular, antepié, retropié (running, muscle activity, forefoot, rearfoot)Abstract
Un importante porcentaje de las lesiones de miembros inferiores ha sido vinculado a la técnica de carrera, en particular, al contacto inicial con retropié (RP) o antepié (AP). Sin embargo, existe limitada evidencia de la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) para ambas condiciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la amplitud EMG en miembros inferiores al utilizar técnicas de RP vs AP durante la carrera. Trece corredores fueron evaluado a una velocidad de trote autoseleccionada en dos condiciones: contacto inicial con RP y AP. Se registró la actividad mioeléctrica del recto femoral (RF), bíceps femoral (BF), tibial anterior (TA), gastrocnemio medial (GM) y lateral (GL). Se consideró la amplitud promedio de la EMG en 10 ciclos de carrera, normalizados a la contracción voluntaria máxima. Los resultados destacan una mayor activación significativa de los músculos GM y GL en el contacto AP durante la fase de apoyo, balanceo y en todo el ciclo de carrera. Adicionalmente, el TA presentó una mayor activación durante la fase de vuelo y el 100% del ciclo de carrera para la condición RP. No se encontraron otras diferencias significativas. En conclusión, el uso de la técnica AP incrementa la actividad muscular de GM y GL, posiblemente asociado a una mayor absorción del impacto durante la fase de apoyo. Por otro lado, el TA incrementa su actividad con RP, lo que podría implicar un mayor control previo al contacto inicial. La técnica de carrera se presenta como una condición modificable según situaciones de rendimiento o patología.
Abstract. Running technique has an impact on lower limb injuries, particularly the initial contact pattern such as rearfoot (RF) or forefoot (FF). However, there is limited evidence of the electromyographic (EMG) activity for both conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the lower limb muscles EMG amplitude between RF and FF techniques during running. Thirteen runners were evaluated at a self-selected running speed under two conditions: initial contact with RF and FF. The myoelectric activity of the rectus femoris (RE), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (GM) and lateral (GL) were analysed. The EMG amplitudes of 10 running cycles were averaged and normalized to the maximum voluntary contraction. The results included a significantly higher activation of GM and GL muscles for the FF condition during the stance phase, balance and the entire running cycle. In addition, TA showed higher activation during the swing phase and the 100% running cycle for the RP condition. No other significant differences were found. In conclusion, FF technique increases GM and GL myoelectric activity, possibly associated with a higher impact absorption during the stance phase. On the other hand, TA increases its activity for RF condition which may imply a greater neuromuscular control prior to initial contact. Finally, the running technique is presented as a modifiable condition which can be changed to enhance performance or in pathologic circumstances.
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