Integración de la actividad física en el aula y sus efectos físicos y cognitivo-académicos. Una revisión sistemática y una guía práctica educativa (Integration of physical activity into the classroom and its physical and cognitive-academic effects. A systematic review and educational practical guide)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.97957Palabras clave:
actividad física integrada, rendimiento cognitivo, rendimiento académico, educación física, clases activasResumen
Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar los estudios de intervención educativa sobre los efectos de la integración de la actividad física en el aula y sus efectos físicos, rendimiento cognitivo y académico en escolares de entre cuatro y ocho años. Se recuperaron 17 estudios de intervención realizados entre diciembre de 2010 y diciembre de 2022 en cuatro bases de datos. Todos los artículos mostraron que la integración de la actividad física en las clases académicas es beneficiosa para mejorar el rendimiento físico, cognitivo y académico, pero estos efectos variaron según el tipo, la duración y la intensidad de la actividad física empleada. Se discuten las implicaciones de incluir la IPA (Actividad Física Integrada) en las lecciones escolares, en base a las teorías del “aprendizaje corpóreo” y la “teoría de la carga cognitiva”, entre otras, y se ofrece una guía práctica con recomendaciones para la implementación de programas de lecciones activas en el contexto escolar. Finalmente, se sugiere seguir indagando en la temática y analizando los efectos de este tipo de metodología sobre algunas variables específicas, como las funciones ejecutivas o la motivación por las clases escolares.
Palabras clave: actividad física integrada, rendimiento cognitivo, rendimiento académico, educación física, clases activas.
Abstract. This systematic review aimed to analyze educational intervention studies on the effects of integrating physical activity in the classroom and its effects on physical, cognitive, and academic performance in schoolchildren aged four to eight years. Seventeen intervention studies conducted between December 2010 and December 2022 were retrieved from four databases. All articles showed that integrating physical activity into academic classes is beneficial in improving physical, cognitive, and academic performance, but these effects varied according to the type, duration, and intensity of physical activity employed. The implications of including IPA (Integrated Physical Activity) in school lessons are discussed, based on the theories of "embodied learning" and "cognitive load theory", among others, and a practical guide with recommendations for the implementation of active lesson programs in the school context is offered. Finally, it is suggested to continue investigating the subject and analyzing the effects of this type of methodology on some specific variables, such as executive functions or motivation for school classes.
Key words: integrated physical activity, cognitive and academic performance, physical education, active lessons.
Citas
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