Factores predictores de la actividad física en escolares españoles de acuerdo a su estado de peso (Predictive factors of physical activity in Spanish students based on their weight status)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.52807Palabras clave:
Factores predictores, actividad física, adolescentes, masa corporal, escuela ( Predictive factors, physical activity, adolescents, body mass, school)Resumen
El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la motivación autodeterminada hacia el ejercicio físico, autoconcepto físico, barreras hacia la actividad física e intención de ser físicamente activo entre adolescentes con y sin sobrepeso/obesidad. Una muestra de 333 escolares, de 13 a 16 años, participaron en esta investigación. Para la medición de las distintas variables se utilizaron instrumentos validados: Índice de masa corporal, Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Physical Self Description Questionnaire, Autoinforme de Barreras para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico e Intention to Be Physically Active Questionnaire. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de acuerdo al índice de masa corporal (sobrepeso/obesidad) en todas las variables analizadas tanto en chicos como en chicas (p < 0,05), excepto en la intención de ser físicamente activo. La comprensión de los factores predictores o determinantes de la actividad física analizados, resulta relevante por ser estos potencialmente modificables. Por tanto, adaptar programas de intervención orientados a promocionar actividad física a las evidencias encontradas ayudaría a aumentar los índices de participación activa en escolares, especialmente en aquellos con sobrepeso u obesidad.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare self-determined motivation towards exercise, physical self-concept, barriers towards physical activity, and intention to be physically active among adolescents with and without overweight/obesity. A sample of 333 schoolchildren aged 13 to 16 years old participated in this research study. Validated instruments were used for the measurement of the variables included in the study: Body Mass Index, Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Physical Self Description Questionnaire, Self-report of Barriers towards the Practice of Exercise, and Intention to Be Physically Active Questionnaire. The results showed statistically significant differences by body mass index (overweight/obesity) in all analyzed variables in both boys and girls (p < 0.05), except for the intention to be physically active. Understanding the analyzed predictive factors or determinants of physical activity is essential because they are potentially modifiable. Therefore, using the evidences found in our study to adapt physical activity promotion intervention programs would help increasing the rates of active participation in schoolchildren, especially those who are overweight or obese.
Citas
Abarca-Sos, A., Murillo, B., Julián, J.A., Zaragoza, J. & Generelo, E. (2015). La Educación Física: ¿Una oportunidad para la promoción de la actividad física? Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 28, 155-159.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intention to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior, en J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann (eds) Action-Control: From Cognition to Behaviour, 11-39. Heidelberg: Springer.
Atkin, A., Van Sluijs, E., Dollman, J., Taylor, W. & Stanley, R. (2016). Identifying correlates and determinants of physical activity in youth: How can we advance the field? Preventive Medicine, 87, 167-169.
Beltrán, V., Sierra, A.C., Jiménez, A., González-Cutre, D., Martínez, C. & Cervello, E. (2017). Diferencias según género en el tiempo empleado por adolescentes en actividad sedentaria y actividad física en diferentes segmentos horarios del día. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 31, 3-7.
Biddle, S., Gorely, T. & Stensel, D. (2004). Health-enhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(8), 679-701.
Bush, P.L. & MacDonald, C. (2015). Promoting Physical Activity Among Adolescents: Recommendations From Correlation Research. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 28, 184-189.
Capdevila, L. (2005). Actividad física y Salud. Barcelona: Miracle.
Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M. & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ, 320(7244), 1240-1243.
Cole, T. J., Flegal, K. M., Nicholls, D. & Jackson, A. A. (2007). Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. BMJ, 335(7612), 194-197.
Deci, E. & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Tanghe, A., Hills, A. & De Bode, P. (2004). Changes in physical activity and psychosocial determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents treated for obesity. Patient Education and Counseling, 55, 407-415.
Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Tanghe, A., Debode, P., Hills, A. & Bouckaert, J. (2005). Role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control after treatment in severely obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica, 94(4), 464-470.
Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I. & Tanghe, A. (2006). Attitude toward physical activity in normal-weight, overweight and obese adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 560-568.
Dolenc, P. & Pisot, S. (2010). A review of correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents. Didactica Slovenica-Pedagoska Obzorja, 25(2), 85-96.
Downs, D., Savage, J. & DiNallo, J. (2013). Self-Determined to Exercise? Leisure-Time Exercise Behavior, Exercise Motivation, and Exercise Dependence in Youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10(2), 176-184.
Fernández-Bustos, J., González-Martí, I., Contreras, O. & Cuevas, R. (2015). Relationship between body image and physical self-concept in adolescent females. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 25-33.
Fredrickson, J., Kremer, P., Swinbum, B., De Silva, A. & McCabe, M. (2015). Weight perception in overweight adolescents: Associations with body change intentions, diet and physical activity. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(6), 774-784.
García-Sánchez, A., Burgueño-Menjibar, R., López-Blanco, D. & Ortega, F. (2013). Condición física, adiposidad y autoconcepto en adolescentes. Estudio piloto. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 453-461.
González-Cutre, D., Sicilia, A. & Fernández, A. (2010). Hacia una mayor comprensión de la motivación en el ejercicio físico: Medición de la regulación integrada en el contexto español. Psicothema, 22(4), 841-847.
Gourlan, M., Trouilloud, D. & Sarrazin, P. (2013). Motivational characteristics of obese adolescents toward physical activity: Contribution of self-determination theory. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 209-218.
Graham, D., Wall, M., Larson, N. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Multicontextual Correlates of Adolescent Leisure-Time Physical Activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(6), 605-616.
Grao-Cruces, A., Fernández-Martínez, A., Nuviala, A. & Pérez-Turpin, J.A. (2015). Intention to be Physically Active is Influenced by Physical Activity and Fitness, Sedentary Behaviours, and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents. Collegium antropologicum, 39(3), 567-573.
Gunnell, K., Brunet, J., Wing, E. & Belanger, M. (2015). Measuring Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in Adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 27(2), 252-261.
Hein, V., Müür, M. & Koka, A. (2004). Intention to be Physically Active after School Graduation and Its Relationship to Three Types of Intrinsic Motivation. European Physical Education Review, 10(1), 5-19.
Hwang, J. & Kim, Y. (2013). Physical Activity and its Related Motivational Attributes in Adolescents with Different BMI. International journal of behavioral medicine, 20(1), 106-113.
Lindelof, A., Nielsen, C. & Pedersen, B. (2013). A Qualitative, Longitudinal Study Exploring Obese Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10(1), 113-121.
Liu, M., Wu, L. & Ming, Q. (2015). How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 10(8), e0134804.
Marques, A., Peralta, M., Martins, J., Sarmento, H., Routen, A.C. & Carreiro, F. (2016). Psychosocial correlates of organized physical activity in Portuguese urban youth. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 22(4), 327-334.
Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E., Johnson, S., Roche, L. & Tremayne, P. (1994). Physical self description questionnaire: psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 270-305.
Marsh, H.W., Martin, A.J. & Jackson, S. (2010). Introducing a Short Version of the Physical Self Description Questionnaire: New Strategies, Short-Form Evaluative Criteria, and Applications of Factor Analyses. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 438-482.
Mayorga-Vega, D. & Viciana, J. (2014). Adolescents’ physical activity in physical education, school recess, and extra-curricular sport by motivational profiles. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 118(3), 663-679.
Moreno, J. A., Moreno, R. & Cervelló, E. (2007). El autoconcepto físico como predictor de la intención de ser físicamente activo. Psicología y Salud, 17(2), 261-267.
Murtagh, S., Rowe, D., McMinn, D. & Nelson, N. (2012). Predicting Physical Activity Intentions and Behavior in Children and Adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83, A78-A79.
Noriega, M.J., Jaén, P., Santamaría, A., Amigo, M.T., Antolín, O., Casuso, I., … De-Rufino, P.M. (2015). Hábitos sedentarios en adolescentes escolarizados de Cantabria. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 27, 3-7.
Niñerola, J., Capdevilla, L. & Pintanel, M. (2006). Barreras percibidas y actividad física: el autoinforme de barreras para la práctica de ejercicio físico*. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 15(1), 53-69.
O’Dea, J. (2006). Self-concept, self-esteem and body weight in adolescent females: a three-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 599-611.
Olaya-Contreras, P., Bastidas, M. & Arvidsson, D. (2015). Colombian children with overweight and obesity need additional motivational support at school to perform health-enhancing physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(5), 604-609.
Oviedo, G., Sánchez, J., Castro, R., Calvo, M., Sevilla, J.C., Iglesias, A., … Guerra, M. (2013). Niveles de actividad física en población adolescente: estudio de caso. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 23, 43-47.
Owen, K., Smith, J., Lubans, D., Ng, J. & Lonsdale, C. (2014). Self-determined motivation and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 67, 270-279.
Park, J. (2011). Predicting adolescents' intention for physical activity and behavior using the Theory of Planned Behavior: the roles of family support and personality. Korean Society of Sport Psychology, 22(1), 129-144.
Park, H. & Kim, N. (2008). Predicting Factors of Physical Activity in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Asian Nursing Research, 2(2), 113-128.
Power, T., Ullrich-French, S., Steele, M., Daratha, K. & Bindler, R. (2011). Obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and physically active adolescents’ motivations for activity: A self-determination theory approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(6), 593-598.
Pulido, J.J., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Sánchez-Miguel, P.A., González-Ponce, I. & García-Calvo, T. (2016). Proyecto MÓVIL-ÍZATE: Fomento de la actividad física en escolares mediante las Apps móviles. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 30, 3-8.
Raudsepp, L., Viira, R. & Hannus, A. (2010). Prediction of physical intention and behavior in a longitudinal simple of adolescent girls. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 110(1), 3-18.
Reesor, L., Maeda, H., Raedeke, T., McMillan, A. & DuBose, K. (2014). Barriers & Physical Activity Participation Among Overweight/Obese and Healthy Weight Children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(5), 858-858.
Reigal-Garrido, R., Becerra-Fernández, C., Hernández-Mendo, A. & Martín-Tamayo, I. (2014). Relationships of self-concept with physical fitness and body composition in a sample of adolescents. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1070-1085.
Riiser, K., Ommundsen, Y., Smastuen, M., Londal, K., Misvaer, N. & Helseth, S. (2014). The relationship between fitness and health-related quality of life and the mediating role of self-determined motivation in overweight adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Public Heatlh, 42(8), 766-772.
Roberts, V., Maddison, R., Magnusson, J. & Prapavessis, H. (2010). Adolescent Physical Activity: Does Implementation Intention Have a Role? Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(4), 497-507.
Ruiz, J., España-Romero, V., Castro-Piñero, J., Artero, E., Ortega, F., Cuenca-García, M., … Castillo, M.J. (2011). Batería ALPHA-Fitness: test de campo para la evaluación de la condición física relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 26(6), 1210-1214.
Sallis, J., Prochaska, J. & Taylor, W. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science and in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), 963-975.
Smith, K., Straker, L., McManus, A. & Fenner, A. (2014). Barriers and enablers for participation in healthy lifestyle programs by adolescents who are overweight: a qualitative study of the opinions of adolescents, their parents and community stakeholders. BMC Pediatrics, 14(53), 1-14.
Stankov, I., Olds, T. & Cargo, M. (2012). Overweight and obese adolescents: what turns them off physical activity?. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(53), 1-15.
Sterdt, E., Liersch, S. & Walter, U. (2014). Correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. Health Education Journal, 73(1), 72-89.
Suchert, V., Hanewinkel, R. & Isensee, B. (2016). Screen time, weight status and the self-concept of physical attractiveness in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 48, 11-17.
Vallerand, R. J. & Rousseau, F. L. (2001). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise: A review using the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. En R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, and C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 389-416). New York: Wiley.
Van der Horst, K., Paw, M., Twisk, J. & Van Mechelen, W. (2007). A brief review on correlates of physical activity and sedentariness in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1241-1250.
Velez, A., Golem, D. & Arent, S. (2010). The impact of a 12-week resistance training program on strength, body composition, and self-concept of Hispanic adolescents. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 24(4), 1065-1073.
Viciana, J., Martínez-Baena, A. & Mayorga-Vega, D. (2016). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in physical education, school recess and after-school time. Influence of gender, age, and weight status. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 13(10), 1117 -1123.
Wilkinson, A., Miller, E., Koehly, L., Daniel, C. & Forman, M. (2016). Correlates of Physical Activity Differ by Sex and Country of Birth Among Mexican-Heritage Youth. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 1-8.
Villa-González, E., Ruiz, J. & Chillón, P. (2016). Recomendaciones para implementar intervenciones de calidad de promoción del desplazamiento activo al colegio. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 30, 159-161.
Wilson, P.M., Rodgers, W.M., Loitz, C.C. & Scime, G. (2006). “It’s who I am... really!”. The importance of integrated regulation in exercise contexts. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 11(2), 79-104.
Young-Ho, K. (2008). Adolescents' Physical Activity and its related perceived benefits and barriers according to body fat. Korean Society of Sport Psychology, 19(4), 73-86.
Zabinski, M., Saelens, B., Stein, R., Hayden-Wade, H. & Wilfley, D. (2003). Overweight children’s barriers to and support for physical activity. Obesity Research, 11(2), 238-246.
Zook, K., Saksvig, B., Kuo, J. & Young, D. (2012). Associations between measured and perceived weight status and physical self concept and physical activity among adolescent girls. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, S111-S111.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
