Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en preadolescentes y adolescentes con obesidad severa: una revisión sistemática (Effect of physical exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in preadolescents and adolescents with severe obesity: a systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103920Palabras clave:
Pérdida de peso, síndrome metabólico, Factores de riesgo cardiovascular, EntrenamientoResumen
Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática tuvo por objetivo valorar el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en preadolescentes y adolescentes con obesidad severa. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Cochrane, EBSCO, de los artículos publicados hasta el 17 de agosto de 2022. Se incluyeron estudios en los que participaron preadolescentes o adolescentes entre 10 y 18 años con obesidad severa, tanto en una intervención de entrenamiento físico estructurado o no estructurados de al menos 4 semanas. Resultados: Se observaron mejoras significativas posterior a la intervención en peso corporal, IMC, perímetro de cintura, porcentaje de grasa corporal, presión arterial, glucosa en ayunas, insulina, HOMA-,IR colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, sin cambios significativos en triglicéridos, en comparación al inicio de la intervención. Al comparar los resultados con el grupo control, solo se reportaron diferencias significativas en peso corporal, IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico se asoció con una disminución de algunos factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, sin embargo, los resultados fueron inconsistentes al compararlos con un grupo control.
Palabras clave: Pérdida de peso, síndrome metabólico, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, entrenamiento.
Abstract. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of physical exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in pre-adolescents and adolescents with severe obesity. Methodology: A systematic search of the literature was carried out using the databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Cochrane, EBSCO, of articles published up to 17 August 2022. We included studies involving pre-adolescents or adolescents, aged 10-18 years with severe obesity, in either a structured or unstructured physical training intervention of at least 4 weeks. Results: Significant post-intervention improvements were observed in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, cholesterol HDL, cholesterol LDL, with no significant changes in triglycerides, compared to baseline. When comparing the results with the control group, only significant differences in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage were reported. Conclusion: Physical exercise was associated with a decrease in some cardiometabolic risk factors, however, the results were inconsistent when compared to a control group.
Keywords: Weight loss, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, training.
Citas
Alba-Martín, R. (2016, April). Prevalencia de obesidad infantil y hábitos alimentarios en educación primaria. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1695-61412016000200003
Amézquita G., M. V., Baeza L., C., Ríos E., M., Francesetti M., V., Rybertt V., V., Gutiérrrez R., M., Amézquita G., M. V., Baeza L., C., Ríos E., M., Francesetti M., V., Rybertt V., V., & Gutiérrrez R., M. (2020). Cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes con obesidad severa: Recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición, Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 91(4), 631–641. https://doi.org/10.32641/RCHPED.V91I4.1600
Baker, J. L., Olsen, L. W., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2007). Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(23), 2329. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA072515
Bendor, C. D., Bardugo, A., Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Afek, A., & Twig, G. (2020). Cardiovascular morbidity, diabetes and cancer risk among children and adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2020 19:1, 19(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12933-020-01052-1
Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bilano, V., Bixby, H., Zhou, B., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., Taddei, C., Hajifathalian, K., Lu, Y., Savin, S., Cowan, M. J., Paciorek, C. J., Chirita-Emandi, A., Hayes, A. J., Katz, J., Kelishadi, R., Kengne, A. P., Khang, Y. H., … Cisneros, J. Z. (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet (London, England), 390(10113), 2627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
Cardel, M. I., Atkinson, M. A., Taveras, E. M., Holm, J. C., & Kelly, A. S. (2020). Obesity Treatment Among Adolescents A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions. JAMA PEDIATRICS, 174(6), 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0085
Chu, S. Y., Jung, J. H., Park, M. J., & Kim, S. H. (2019). Risk assessment of metabolic syndrome in adolescents using the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.6065/APEM.2019.24.1.41
Chung, Y. L., & Rhie, Y. J. (2021). Severe Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Metabolic Effects, Assessment, and Treatment. JOURNAL OF OBESITY & METABOLIC SYNDROME, 30(4), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes21063
Cooper, C., Sarvey, S., Collier, D., Willson, C., Green, I., Pories, M. L., Rose, M. A., Escott-Stump, S., & Pories, W. (2006). For comparison: experience with a children’s obesity camp. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 2(6), 622–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2006.07.010
Durán, P. (2016). Body-mass index in 2.3 million adolescents and cardiovascular death in adulthood. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 114(6), e464–e465. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1503840/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA1503840_DISCLOSURES.PDF
Fernandez, A. C., Túlio de Mello, M., Tufik, S., Morcelli de Castro, P., & Fisberg, M. (2004). Influence of the aerobic and anaerobic training on the body fat mass in obese adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 10(3), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922004000300004
Fernández, J. C., Quiñones, I. T., Robles, Á. S., & Padilla, J. M. S. (2018). Revisión sistemática sobre los estudios de intervención de actividad física para el tratamiento de la obesidad (Systematic Review of Physical Activity Programs for the treatment of Obesity). Retos, 33(33), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.47197/RETOS.V0I33.52996
Flowers, E., Molina, C., Mathur, A., & Reaven, G. M. (2015). Use of plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to identify increased cardio-metabolic risk in young, healthy South Asians. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 141(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.154506
Gueugnon, C., Mougin, F., Simon-Rigaud, M. L., Regnard, J., Nègre, V., & Dumoulin, G. (2012). Effects of an in-patient treatment program based on regular exercise and a balanced diet on high molecular weight adiponectin, resistin levels, and insulin resistance in adolescents with severe obesity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 37(4), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1139/H2012-045
Henson, L. C., Poole, D. C., Donahoe, C. P., & Heber, D. (1987). Effects of exercise training on resting energy expenditure during caloric restriction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46(6), 893–899. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/46.6.893
Invitti, C., Guzzaloni, G., Gilardini, L., Morabito, F., & Viberti, G. (2003). Prevalence and Concomitants of Glucose Intolerance in European Obese Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care, 26(1), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.2337/DIACARE.26.1.118
Jackson, S. L., Zhang, Z., Wiltz, J. L., Loustalot, F., Ritchey, M. D., Goodman, A. B., & Yang, Q. (2018). Hypertension Among Youths — United States, 2001–2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(27), 758. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6727A2
Juhola, J., Magnussen, C. G., Berenson, G. S., Venn, A., Burns, T. L., Sabin, M. A., Srinivasan, S. R., Daniels, S. R., Davis, P. H., Chen, W., Kähönen, M., Taittonen, L., Urbina, E., Viikari, J. S. A., Dwyer, T., Raitakari, O. T., & Juonala, M. (2013). Combined Effects of Child and Adult Elevated Blood pressure on Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. Circulation, 128(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001614
Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., & Pate, R. R. (2021). Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents With Obesity: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1559827620988839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620988839
Lazzer, S., Boirie, Y., Montaurier, C., Vernet, J., Meyer, M., & Vermorel, M. (2004). A Weight Reduction Program Preserves Fat-Free Mass but Not Metabolic Rate in Obese Adolescents. Obesity Research, 12(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1038/OBY.2004.30
Lee, Y. H., Song, Y. W., Kim, H. S., Lee, S. Y., Jeong, H. S., Suh, S. H., Park, J. K., Jung, J. W., Kim, N. S., Noh, C. Il, & Hong, Y. M. (2010). The Effects of an Exercise Program on Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese Children. Korean Circulation Journal, 40(4), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.4070/KCJ.2010.40.4.179
Montero, D., Dutheil, F., Walther, G., Perez-Martin, A., Soto-Esclapez, L., Vinet, A., & Roche, E. (2021). Changes in the profile of circulating HDL subfractions in severe obese adolescents following a weight reduction program. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD, 31(5), 1586–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NUMECD.2021.01.025
Mühlig, Y., Wabitsch, M., Moss, A., & Hebebrand, J. (2014). Weight Loss in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Evaluation of Conservative, Non-Pharmacological Obesity Treatment Programs. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 111(48), 818. https://doi.org/10.3238/ARZTEBL.2014.0818
Nemet, D., Ben-Haim, I., Pantanowits, M., & Eliakim, A. (2013). Effects of a combined intervention for treating severely obese prepubertal children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM, 26(1–2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM-2012-0225
Obert, P., Gueugnon, C., Nottin, S., Vinet, A., Gayrard, S., Rupp, T., Dumoulin, G., Tordi, N., & Mougin, F. (2013). Impact of Diet and Exercise Training-Induced Weight Loss on Myocardial Mechanics in Severely Obese Adolescents. Obesity, 21(10), 2091–2098. https://doi.org/10.1002/OBY.20495
Ortega, R., Grandes, G., Sanchez, A., Montoya, I., & Torcal, J. (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness and development of abdominal obesity. Preventive Medicine, 118, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2018.10.020
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., Mcdonald, S., … Mckenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.N160
Paulis, W. D., Silva, S., Koes, B. W., & Van Middelkoop, M. (2014). Overweight and obesity are associated with musculoskeletal complaints as early as childhood: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 15(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/OBR.12067
PEDro - Escala PEDro. (1999). https://pedro.org.au/portuguese/resources/pedro-scale/
Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Borghese, M. M., Carson, V., Chaput, J. P., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Pate, R. R., Connor Gorber, S., Kho, M. E., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2016). Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 41(6), S197–S239. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2015-0663/ASSET/IMAGES/APNM-2015-0663TAB11.GIF
Racil, G., Goebel, R. T., Haddad, M., Coquart, J., Chamari, K., & Amri, M. (2016). Rating of Perceived Exertion and Serum Leptin Responses to Maximal Exercise in Obese Female Adolescents: Effects of Exercise Training Intensity. 167–170. https://doi.org/10.15405/EPSBS.2016.06.23
Rankin, J., Matthews, L., Cobley, S., Han, A., Sanders, R., Wiltshire, H. D., & Baker, J. S. (2016). Psychological consequences of childhood obesity: psychiatric comorbidity and prevention. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 7, 125. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S101631
Reinehr, T. (2017). Long-term effects of adolescent obesity: time to act. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2018 14:3, 14(3), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.147
Reinehr, T., & Andler, W. (2004). Changes in the atherogenic risk factor profile according to degree of weight loss. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89(5), 419. https://doi.org/10.1136/ADC.2003.028803
Ruotsalainen, H., Kyngäs, H., Tammelin, T., & Kääriäinen, M. (2015). Systematic review of physical activity and exercise interventions on body mass indices, subsequent physical activity and psychological symptoms in overweight and obese adolescents. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(11), 2461–2477. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAN.12696
Sedlock, D. A., Fissinger, J. A., & Melby, C. L. (1989). Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise energy expenditure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21(6), 662–666. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198912000-00006
Skinner, A. C., Perrin, E. M., Moss, L. A., & Skelton, J. A. (2015). Cardiometabolic Risks and Severity of Obesity in Children and Young Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(14), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1502821/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA1502821_DISCLOSURES.PDF
Srivastava, G., O’hara, V., & Browne, N. (2019). Use of Lisdexamfetamine to Treat Obesity in an Adolescent with Severe Obesity and Binge Eating. Children 2019, Vol. 6, Page 22, 6(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/CHILDREN6020022
Stoner, L., Rowlands, D., Morrison, A., Credeur, D., Hamlin, M., Gaffney, K., Lambrick, D., & Matheson, A. (2016). Efficacy of Exercise Intervention for Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adolescents: Meta-Analysis and Implications. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(11), 1737–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-016-0537-6
Ward, Z. J., Long, M. W., Resch, S. C., Giles, C. M., Cradock, A. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2017). Simulation of Growth Trajectories of Childhood Obesity into Adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(22), 2145–2153. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1703860/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA1703860_DISCLOSURES.PDF
Yeste, D., Arciniegas, L., Vilallonga, R., Fàbregas, A., Soler, L., Mogas, E., Campos, A., & Clemente, M. (2020). ENCUENTRO CON EL EXPERTO Obesidad severa del adolescente. Complicaciones endocrino-metabólicas y tratamiento médico Severe obesity in adolescents. Endocrine-metabolic complications and medical treatment. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2020.Aug.593
Zhao, L., Dong, X., Gao, Y., Jia, Z., Han, S., Zhang, J., & Gao, Y. (2022). Effects of exercise combined with diet intervention on body composition and serum biochemical markers in adolescents with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35(11), 1319–1336. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM-2022-0193/ASSET/GRAPHIC/J_JPEM-2022-0193_FIG_008.JPG
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
