Evaluación y prescripción del salto vertical y horizontal en futbolistas. Revisión narrativa (Assessment and prescription of vertical and horizontal jumping in soccer players. Narrative review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.101834Palabras clave:
Acciones balísticas, salto en cuclillas, salto con contra movimiento y fútbol. (Ballistic actions, squat jump, countermovement jump, soccer and football).Resumen
Las acciones balísticas, tales como el salto, son determinantes en el resultado de un partido de fútbol. Por lo tanto, su evaluación, cuantificación y optimización podrían ser concluyentes para el deportista. El objetivo del presente trabajo de revisión narrativa ha sido detallar los tipos de saltos verticales y horizontales más usados y confiables para la evaluación de las acciones balísticas, exponiendo la definición de los protocolos y sugiriendo metodologías de entrenamiento basadas en la evidencia científica. La metodología siguió las recomendaciones PRISMA, para ello se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos de Pubmed y Web of Science. Los resultados mostraron que el salto vertical y el salto con contra movimiento, son los saltos más utilizados para la evaluación y optimización del rendimiento, así como el salto horizontal con contra movimiento con las manos fijadas a la cintura y con las manos libres. Se ha observado correlaciones significativas con efectos moderados entre los valores de sprint de 5 m y 15 m con el salto vertical (r = -0,47 a -0,54; p < 0,01) y con el salto horizontal (r = -0,60 a -0,68; p < 0,01). Siendo el salto horizontal, mejor predictor en el sprint de 20 m que el salto vertical (r = -0,73 a -0,86 vs -0,52 a -0,73 p < 0,01). Por tanto, se concluye que la evaluación de la altura del salto vertical u horizontal puede ayudar a los profesionales del deporte a planificar los estímulos más apropiados para la optimización del rendimiento.
Palabras clave: Acciones balísticas, salto en cuclillas, salto con contra movimiento y fútbol.
Abstract. Ballistic actions, such as jumping, are decisive in the outcome of a soccer match. Therefore, their evaluation, quantification and optimisation could be determinant for the athlete. Thus, the aim of the present narrative review work has been to detail the most used and reliable types of vertical and horizontal jumps for the evaluation of ballistic actions, exposing the definition of the protocols and suggesting training methodologies based on scientific evidence. The methodology followed the PRISMA recommendations for which a bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed and Web of Science databases. Results showed that vertical jump (SJ) and the countermovement jump (CMJ) are the most commonly used jumps for the evaluation and optimisation of performance, as well as the horizontal jump with countermovement with the hands fixed at the waist and with the hands free. Significant correlations with moderate effects were observed between 5 m and 15 m sprint values and vertical jump (r = -0.47 to -0.54, p < 0.01) and horizontal jump (r = -0.60 to -0.68, p < 0.01). Horizontal jump being a better predictor of the 20 m sprint than vertical jump (r = -0.73 to -0.86 vs -0.52 to -0.73 p < 0.01). Therefore, it is concluded that the evaluation of the height of the vertical or horizontal jump can help sports professionals to plan the appropriate stimuli for the optimization of performance.
Keywords: Ballistic actions, squat jump, countermovement jump, soccer and football.
Citas
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