Estratégias de aquecimento e desempenho em contrarrelógio em nadadores. Revisão rápida da literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.92860Palavras-chave:
Natación (Swimming), Ejercicio de calentamiento (Warm-up exercise), Rendimiento deportivo (Athletic Performance), Fenómenos fisiológicos musculoesqueléticos y neuronales (Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena), Fuerza muscular (Muscle strength), Ejercicio pliométrico (Plyometric Exercise), Temperatura corporal (Body Temperature).Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia de várias estratégias de aquecimento no desempenho de contrarrelógio até 200 m, por meio de uma rápida revisão da literatura. Utilizando as diretrizes PRISMA, foi realizada uma busca na base de dados MEDLINE/Pubmed considerando estudos experimentais do ano de 2013. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada por meio da escala PEDro. Dos 181 registros iniciais, 16 estudos foram finalmente incluídos. Todos apresentaram desenho metodológico cruzado com qualidade baixa (três estudos), regular (12 estudos) e boa (um estudo). Participaram 161 homens e 75 mulheres com idade média de 17,96 anos, competindo em nível universitário, nacional ou internacional. Estratégias de aquecimento ativo na água melhoraram o tempo de teste em até 1,48%. A redução da fase de transição após a realização do aquecimento ativo na água melhorou o tempo em até 1,50%. Estratégias adicionais de aquecimento ativo na água melhoraram o tempo em até 2,04%. A partir desta revisão, conclui-se que não há evidências suficientes para apoiar o uso de várias estratégias de aquecimento no desempenho em provas de tempo; no entanto, seus percentuais de redução de tempo representam uma opção interessante para nadadores e treinadores em ambientes competitivos.
Palavras-chave: Natação; exercício de aquecimento; Desempenho esportivo; Fenômenos fisiológicos musculoesqueléticos e neurais; Força muscular; exercício pliométrico; Temperatura corporal.
Referências
Adams, S., & Psycharakis, S. G. (2014). Comparison of the effects of active, passive and mixed warm ups on swimming performance. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 54(5), 559–565.
Balilionis, G., Nepocatych, S., Ellis, C. M., Richardson, M. T., Neggers, Y. H., & Bishop, P. A. (2012). Effects of Different Types of Warm-Up on Swimming Performance, Reaction Time, and Dive Distance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3297–3303. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318248ad40
Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up II: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Medicine, 33(7), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333070-00002
Burnley, M., & Jones, A. M. (2007). Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 7(2), 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701456148
Cuenca-Fernández, F., Ruiz-Teba, A., López-Contreras, G., & Arellano, R. (2020). Effects of 2 Types of Activation Protocols Based on Postactivation Potentiation on 50-m Freestyle Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(11), 3284–3292. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002698
Folland, J. P., Wakamatsu, T., & Fimland, M. S. (2008). The influence of maximal isometric activity on twitch and H-reflex potentiation, and quadriceps femoris performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(4), 739–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0823-6
Galbraith, A., & Willmott, A. (2018). Transition phase clothing strategies and their effect on body temperature and 100-m swimming performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1411528
Gouvêa, A. L., Fernandes, I. A., César, E. P., Silva, W. A. B., & Gomes, P. S. C. (2013). The effects of rest intervals on jumping performance: A meta-analysis on post-activation potentiation studies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(5), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.738924
Gray, S. R., Soderlund, K., Watson, M., & Ferguson, R. A. (2011). Skeletal muscle ATP turnover and single fibre ATP and PCr content during intense exercise at different muscle temperatures in humans. Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 462(6), 890, 892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1032-4
Hancock, A. P., Sparks, K. E., & Kullman, E. L. (2015). Postactivation Potentiation Enhances Swim Performance in Collegiate Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4), 912–917. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000744
Herbert, R., Sherrington, C., Moseley, A., & Maher, C. (2000). PEDro scale. Manual Therapy, 5(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1999.0223
Jimenez-Perez, I., Gil-Calvo, M., Vardasca, R., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2021). Pre-exercise skin temperature evolution is not related with 100 m front crawl performance. Journal of Thermal Biology, 98(November 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102926
Kilduff, L. P., Cunningham, D. J., Owen, N. J., West, D. J., Bracken, R. M., & Cook, C. J. (2011). Effect of postactivation potentiation on swimming starts in international sprint swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(9), 2422–2423. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201bf7a
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
Liu, Y., Lu, G., Chen, J., & Zhu, Q. (2021). Exploration of internal and external factors of swimmers’ performance based on biofluid mechanics and computer simulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126471
Lomax, M., Iggleden, C., Tourell, A., Castle, S., & Honey, J. (2012). Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue After Race-Paced Swimming Is Not Restricted to the Front Crawl Stroke. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2729–2733. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182429af8
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., Raglin, J. S., Osborne, M., & Rattray, B. (2017). Elite sprint swimming performance is enhanced by completion of additional warm-up activities. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(15), 1493–1499. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1223329
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2016). Evaluating warm-up strategies for elite sprint breaststroke swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(7), 975–978. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0581
McGowan, C. J., Rattray, B., Thompson, K., Pyne, D., & Raglin, J. (2014). Current warm-up practices and the contemporary issues faced by elite swimming coaches. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(12), e82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.333
McGowan, C. J., Thompson, K. G., Pyne, D. B., Raglin, J. S., & Rattray, B. (2016). Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(4), 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.04.012
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2014). Warm-up and performance in competitive swimming. Sports Medicine, 44(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0117-y
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., & Marinho, D. A. (2017). Effects of 10 min vs. 20 min passive rest after warm-up on 100 m freestyle time-trial performance: A randomized crossover study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.04.012
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., Teixeira, A. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2015). The Effects of Different Warm-up Volumes on the 100-m Swimming Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(11), 3026–3036. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001141
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., Teixeira, A. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2017). Warm-up for Sprint Swimming: Race-Pace or Aerobic Stimulation? A Randomized Study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2423–2431. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001701
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Fernandes, R. J., Viana, J. L., Barbosa, T. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2014). Does warm-up have a beneficial effect on 100-m freestyle? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0345
Nepocatych, S., Bishop, P. A., Balilionis, G., Richardson, M. T., & Hubner, P. J. (2010). Acute Effect of Upper-Body Vibration on Performance in Master Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3396–3403. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e8a4fe
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pyne, D. B., Trewin, C. B., & Hopkins, W. G. (2004). Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001655822
Sarramian, V. G., Turner, A. N., & Greenhalgh, A. K. (2015). Effect of Postactivation Potentiation on Fifty-Meter Freestyle in National Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4), 1003–1009. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000708
Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation of Jump, Sprint, Throw, and Upper-Body Ballistic Performances: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7
Thng, S., Pearson, S., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2019). Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 49(12), 1957–1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01174-x
Tillin, N., & Bishop, D. J. (2009). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its effects on performance. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147–166.
Vorontsov, A. (2011). Strength and Power Training in Swimming. En World Book of Swimming: From Science to Performance (pp. 313–343).
West, D. J., Dietzig, B. M., Bracken, R. M., Cunningham, D. J., Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2013). Influence of post-warm-up recovery time on swim performance in international swimmers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(2), 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.06.002
Wilkins, E. L., & Havenith, G. (2017). External heating garments used post-warm-up improve upper body power and elite sprint swimming performance. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 231(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337116650322
Wilson, E. E., McKeever, T. M., Lobb, C., Sherriff, T., Gupta, L., Hearson, G., Martin, N., Lindley, M. R., & Shaw, D. E. (2014). Respiratory muscle specific warm-up and elite swimming performance. En British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 48, Número 9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092523
Zochowski, T., Johnson, E., & Sleivert, G. G. (2007). Effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on 200-m time-trial swim performance. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.2.201
Balilionis, G., Nepocatych, S., Ellis, C. M., Richardson, M. T., Neggers, Y. H., & Bishop, P. A. (2012). Effects of Different Types of Warm-Up on Swimming Performance, Reaction Time, and Dive Distance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3297–3303. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318248ad40
Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up II: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Medicine, 33(7), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333070-00002
Burnley, M., & Jones, A. M. (2007). Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 7(2), 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701456148
Cuenca-Fernández, F., Ruiz-Teba, A., López-Contreras, G., & Arellano, R. (2020). Effects of 2 Types of Activation Protocols Based on Postactivation Potentiation on 50-m Freestyle Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(11), 3284–3292. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002698
Folland, J. P., Wakamatsu, T., & Fimland, M. S. (2008). The influence of maximal isometric activity on twitch and H-reflex potentiation, and quadriceps femoris performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(4), 739–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0823-6
Galbraith, A., & Willmott, A. (2018). Transition phase clothing strategies and their effect on body temperature and 100-m swimming performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1411528
Gouvêa, A. L., Fernandes, I. A., César, E. P., Silva, W. A. B., & Gomes, P. S. C. (2013). The effects of rest intervals on jumping performance: A meta-analysis on post-activation potentiation studies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(5), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.738924
Gray, S. R., Soderlund, K., Watson, M., & Ferguson, R. A. (2011). Skeletal muscle ATP turnover and single fibre ATP and PCr content during intense exercise at different muscle temperatures in humans. Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 462(6), 890, 892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1032-4
Hancock, A. P., Sparks, K. E., & Kullman, E. L. (2015). Postactivation Potentiation Enhances Swim Performance in Collegiate Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4), 912–917. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000744
Herbert, R., Sherrington, C., Moseley, A., & Maher, C. (2000). PEDro scale. Manual Therapy, 5(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1999.0223
Jimenez-Perez, I., Gil-Calvo, M., Vardasca, R., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2021). Pre-exercise skin temperature evolution is not related with 100 m front crawl performance. Journal of Thermal Biology, 98(November 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102926
Kilduff, L. P., Cunningham, D. J., Owen, N. J., West, D. J., Bracken, R. M., & Cook, C. J. (2011). Effect of postactivation potentiation on swimming starts in international sprint swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(9), 2422–2423. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201bf7a
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
Liu, Y., Lu, G., Chen, J., & Zhu, Q. (2021). Exploration of internal and external factors of swimmers’ performance based on biofluid mechanics and computer simulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126471
Lomax, M., Iggleden, C., Tourell, A., Castle, S., & Honey, J. (2012). Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue After Race-Paced Swimming Is Not Restricted to the Front Crawl Stroke. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2729–2733. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182429af8
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., Raglin, J. S., Osborne, M., & Rattray, B. (2017). Elite sprint swimming performance is enhanced by completion of additional warm-up activities. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(15), 1493–1499. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1223329
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2016). Evaluating warm-up strategies for elite sprint breaststroke swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(7), 975–978. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0581
McGowan, C. J., Rattray, B., Thompson, K., Pyne, D., & Raglin, J. (2014). Current warm-up practices and the contemporary issues faced by elite swimming coaches. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(12), e82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.333
McGowan, C. J., Thompson, K. G., Pyne, D. B., Raglin, J. S., & Rattray, B. (2016). Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(4), 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.04.012
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2014). Warm-up and performance in competitive swimming. Sports Medicine, 44(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0117-y
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., & Marinho, D. A. (2017). Effects of 10 min vs. 20 min passive rest after warm-up on 100 m freestyle time-trial performance: A randomized crossover study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.04.012
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., Teixeira, A. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2015). The Effects of Different Warm-up Volumes on the 100-m Swimming Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(11), 3026–3036. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001141
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., Teixeira, A. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2017). Warm-up for Sprint Swimming: Race-Pace or Aerobic Stimulation? A Randomized Study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2423–2431. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001701
Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Fernandes, R. J., Viana, J. L., Barbosa, T. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2014). Does warm-up have a beneficial effect on 100-m freestyle? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0345
Nepocatych, S., Bishop, P. A., Balilionis, G., Richardson, M. T., & Hubner, P. J. (2010). Acute Effect of Upper-Body Vibration on Performance in Master Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3396–3403. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e8a4fe
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pyne, D. B., Trewin, C. B., & Hopkins, W. G. (2004). Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001655822
Sarramian, V. G., Turner, A. N., & Greenhalgh, A. K. (2015). Effect of Postactivation Potentiation on Fifty-Meter Freestyle in National Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4), 1003–1009. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000708
Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation of Jump, Sprint, Throw, and Upper-Body Ballistic Performances: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7
Thng, S., Pearson, S., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2019). Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 49(12), 1957–1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01174-x
Tillin, N., & Bishop, D. J. (2009). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its effects on performance. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147–166.
Vorontsov, A. (2011). Strength and Power Training in Swimming. En World Book of Swimming: From Science to Performance (pp. 313–343).
West, D. J., Dietzig, B. M., Bracken, R. M., Cunningham, D. J., Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2013). Influence of post-warm-up recovery time on swim performance in international swimmers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(2), 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.06.002
Wilkins, E. L., & Havenith, G. (2017). External heating garments used post-warm-up improve upper body power and elite sprint swimming performance. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 231(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337116650322
Wilson, E. E., McKeever, T. M., Lobb, C., Sherriff, T., Gupta, L., Hearson, G., Martin, N., Lindley, M. R., & Shaw, D. E. (2014). Respiratory muscle specific warm-up and elite swimming performance. En British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 48, Número 9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092523
Zochowski, T., Johnson, E., & Sleivert, G. G. (2007). Effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on 200-m time-trial swim performance. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.2.201
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2023-01-02
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Enríquez-Enríquez, D., Mecina-Zapata, C., Riveros-Cárcamo, H., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Chirosa-Ríos, L. J., & Guede-Rojas, F. (2023). Estratégias de aquecimento e desempenho em contrarrelógio em nadadores. Revisão rápida da literatura. Retos, 47, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.92860
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