A mejor condición física mejores resultados de una ley contra la obesidad (Better fitness, better results of a law against obesity)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.66782Palavras-chave:
legislación, obesidad, sobrepeso, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza muscular, vacaciones (legislation, obesity, overweight, physical fitness, muscle strength, holiday)Resumo
Introducción: La condición física (CF) es un importante predictor de salud en niños y adolescentes, sin embargo, hasta la fecha se desconoce su posible efecto “protector” frente a periodos críticos vinculados a riesgo de obesidad. Objetivo: Evaluar a través de un diseño longitudinal y ecológico la influencia de la CF y su interacción con la implantación de la “Ley Súper 8” sobre diversos parámetros de la composición corporal durante las vacaciones de fiestas patrias (VFP). Metodología: 110 escolares participaron inicialmente del estudio. Tras aplicar los criterios de exclusión, 48 escolares entre 10 y 13 años (52% niñas) conformaron la muestra final. Se determinó la CF (cardiorrespiratoria y muscular) y la composición corporal (peso, índice de masa corporal [IMC], índice de masa triponderal [IMT], índice de masa grasa [IMG] % grasa y % músculo), durante septiembre del año 2015 (sin ley) y 2016 (con ley). Un modelo general lineal y pruebas t-student fueron realizadas, estableciendo como significativo p<0,05. Resultados: Los escolares que presentan un bajo nivel de CF modificaron negativamente su composición corporal (peso corporal, IMG, IMC Z-score y % grasa) durante las VFP tras la implementación de la ley (p<0,05), mientras que en los escolares con un alto nivel de CF se observaron cambios favorables en el % músculo, IMG e IMT (p<0,05). Conclusión: La CF interactúa positivamente con la “Ley Súper 8”. Solo los escolares con buena CF previenen el aumento de diversas variables de la composición corporal vinculadas a obesidad durante las VFP.
Abstract. Background: Fitness is an important predictor of health in children and adolescents; however, to date has not been demonstrated the protective effect against critical periods related to obesity. Objective: To evaluate the influence of fitness on body composition parameters during national holidays, comparing the 1-year effects with and without the implementation of the “Law Super 8”, considering the fitness as a preventive and possible potential law enhancer. Method: Sample was composed by 48 schoolchildren between 10 and 13 years of age. Fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular) and body composition (weight, body mass index [BMI], triponderal mass index [TMI], fat mass index [FMI], % fat and % muscle) were evaluated during two week of September 2015 (without law) and 2016 (with law). A general linear model and t-student test were used, setting the significant value at p<0.05. Results: body composition (body weight, FMI, BMI Z-score and % fat) of those children presenting low fitness level worsened during national holidays after implementation of law (p<0.05), while those with high fitness level showed favorable changes in % muscular, FMI, and TMI (p<0.05). Conclusion: Changes produced due to “Super 8” law seem to affect positively just children who have high fitness level, preventing increase of variables of body composition related to obesity.
Referências
Aguilar-Farias, N., Cortinez-O’Ryan, A., Sadarangani, K. P., Von Oetinger, A., Leppe, J., Valladares, M., … Cristi-Montero, C. (2016). Results From Chile’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(11 Suppl 2), S117–S123. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0314
Aguilar-Farias, N., Cortinez-O’Ryan, A., Sadarangani, K. P., Von Oetinger, A., Leppe, J., Valladares, M., … Cristi-Montero, C. (2016). Results From Chile’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 13(11 Suppl 2), S117-s123. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0314
Alvero Cruz, J. E. Al. (2009). Protocolo de valoración de la composición corporal para el reconocimiento médico-deportivo. Documento de Consenso del Grupo Español de Cineantropometría de la Federacion Española de Medicina del Deporte. Archivos de Medicina Del Deporte, 26(Cc), 166–179. Retrieved from http://femede.es/documentos/ConsensoCine131.pdf
Baranowski, T., O’Connor, T., Johnston, C., Hughes, S., Moreno, J., Chen, T.-A., … Baranowski, J. (2014). School Year Versus Summer Differences in Child Weight Gain: A Narrative Review. Childhood Obesity, 10(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0116
Brazendale, K., Beets, M. W., Weaver, R. G., Pate, R. R., Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Kaczynski, A. T., … von Hippel, P. T. (2017). Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: The structured days hypothesis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0555-2
Brouwer, S. I., Stolk, R. P., Liem, E. T., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., & Corpeleijn, E. (2013). The role of fitness in the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk from childhood to adolescence. Pediatric Diabetes, 14(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00893.x
Bustos, N., Olivares, S., Leyton, B., Cano, M., & Albala, C. (2016). Impact of a school-based intervention on nutritional education and physical activity in primary public schools in Chile (KIND) programme study protocol: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3878-z
Cristi-Montero, C. (2017). ¡Vacaciones a la vista! Fundamentos y consideraciones para prevenir el aumento de peso corporal en escolares. Revista Médica de Chile, 145(1), 136–138. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000100020
Cristi-Montero, C., Bresciani, G., Alvarez, A., Arriagada, V., Beneventi, A., Canepa, V., … Rodriguez-Rodriguez, F. (2014). Critical periods in the variation in body composition in school children. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 30(4), 782–786. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.4.7694
Cristi-Montero, C., Munizaga, C., Tejos, C., Ayala, R., Henriquez, R., Solis-Urra, P., … Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F. (2016). Variations of body composition, physical activity and caloric intake in schoolchildren during national holidays. Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD, 21(2), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-015-0229-5
Cristi-Montero, C., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Alvarez, C., Méndez, A. G., Martínez, M. A., Martínez, X. D., … Celis-Morales, C. (2016). Fitness cardiorrespiratorio se asocia a una mejora en marcadores metabólicos en adultos chilenos. Revista Medica de Chile, 144(8), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872016000800004
Drenowatz, C., Kobel, S., Kettner, S., Kesztyüs, D., Wirt, T., Dreyhaupt, J., & Steinacker, J. M. (2013). Correlates of weight gain in German children attending elementary school. Preventive Medicine, 57(4), 310–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.004
Garber, M. D., Sajuria, M., & Lobelo, F. (2014). Geographical variation in health-related physical fitness and body composition among chilean 8th graders: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e108053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108053
García-Hermoso, A., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Olloquequi, J., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2017). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscular Strength as Mediators of the Influence of Fatness on Academic Achievement. Journal of Pediatrics, 187, 127–133.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.037
Hills, A. P., Dengel, D. R., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Supporting Public Health Priorities: Recommendations for Physical Education and Physical Activity Promotion in Schools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(4), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.09.010
Laguna, M., Ruiz, J. R., Lara, M. T., & Aznar, S. (2013). Recommended levels of physical activity to avoid adiposity in Spanish children. Pediatric Obesity, 8(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00086.x
Léger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., & Lambert, J. (1988). The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 6(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640418808729800
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5(s1), 4–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x
Lowe, M. R., Feig, E. H., Winter, S. R., & Stice, E. (2015). Short-term variability in body weight predicts long-term weight gain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102(5), 995–999. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.115402
Nyström, C. D., Henriksson, P., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Medrano, M., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Arias-Palencia, N. M., … Ortega, F. B. (2017). Does cardiorespiratory fitness attenuate the adverse effects of severe/morbid obesity on cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance in children? A pooled analysis. Diabetes Care, 40(11), 1580–1587. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1334
Olivares, S., Araneda, J., Morales, G., Leyton, B., Bustos, N., Hernández, M. A., & Oyarzún, M. T. (2016). Actitudes de escolares chilenos de distinto nivel socioeconómico al inicio de la implementación de la ley que regula la venta y publicidad de alimentos altos en nutrientes críticos. Nutr. Hosp., 34, 431–438.
Oliveira, P. M. de, Silva, F. A. da, Souza Oliveira, R. M., Mendes, L. L., Netto, M. P., & Cândido, A. P. C. (2015). Association between fat mass index and fat-free mass index values and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, pp. 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.06.003
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity, 32(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Pacheco-Herrera, J. D. (2016). Índice general de fuerza y adiposidad como medida de la condición física relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 33(3), 556–564. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.261
Peterson, C. M., Su, H., Thomas, D. M., Heo, M., Golnabi, A. H., Pietrobelli, A., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2017). Tri-Ponderal Mass Index vs Body Mass Index in Estimating Body Fat During Adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(7), 629. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0460
Ramírez-Vélez, R., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Lobelo, F., Izquierdo, M., Alonso-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F., & Cristi-Montero, C. (2016). High muscular fitness has a powerful protective cardiometabolic effect in adults: influence of weight status. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1012. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3678-5
República de Chile. Ministerio de Salud. Ley 20869 Sobre Publicidad de los Alimentos (2015). Santiago: Diario Oficial de Chile.
Tucker, L., & Peterson, T. (2010). Fitness Level and Risk of Weight Gain in Middle-Age Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(3), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.3.308
Vasquez, F., Diaz, E., Lera, L., Meza, J., Curi, K., Torres, J., & Burrows, R. (2017). Physical fitness and insulin sensitivity in a group of obese children from 8 to 13 years of age by puberal state. NUTRICION HOSPITALARIA, 34(4), 808–813. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.61
von Hippel, P. T., Powell, B., Downey, D. B., & Rowland, N. J. (2007). The Effect of School on Overweight in Childhood: Gain in Body Mass Index During the School Year and During Summer Vacation. American Journal of Public Health, 97(4), 696–702. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080754
Ward, Z. J., Long, M. W., Resch, S. C., Giles, C. M., Cradock, A. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2017). Simulation of Growth Trajectories of Childhood Obesity into Adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(22), 2145–2153. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703860
WHO. (2016). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved July 5, 2018, from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
WHO. (2017). Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan: executive summary. WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/publications/echo-plan-executive-summary/en/
World Medical Association., W. M. (2001). World medical association declaration of helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11357217
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
