El atletismo sigue siendo un deporte dominado por los hombres: la subrepresentación de las mujeres como atletas, entrenadoras y árbitros en Brasil (Athletics is still a male-dominated sport: the underrepresentation of women as athletes, coaches, and referees in Brazil)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106067Palabras clave:
género; justicia social; psicología del deporte; gestión deportiva; liderazgoResumen
La desigualdad de género sigue siendo un problema generalizado en los deportes y atrae cada vez más atención en la investigación contemporánea. A pesar de esto, la escasa atención académica se ha dirigido a la participación de las mujeres en el atletismo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la participación de mujeres como atletas, entrenadoras y árbitras en diferentes categorías de edad y eventos en el Campeonato Brasileño de Atletismo 2019. Evaluamos datos públicamente disponibles de dicho campeonato. El análisis de datos involucró estadísticas descriptivas, estimación de asociación utilizando la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado, y comparación de frecuencia media a través de la prueba t de una muestra. El nivel de significancia se estableció en p<0.05. No hubo una asociación significativa entre el tipo de evento y la categoría de edad, indicando una frecuencia similar de participación de mujeres atletas en los diferentes eventos y grupos de edad. La participación promedio de mujeres como atletas (42%) y entrenadoras (19%) fue estadísticamente inferior al 50% (t=4.595; p<0.001; t=25.00, p<0.001, respectivamente). Las mujeres representaron el 41% de los árbitros y no mostraron una diferencia significativa con el 50% (t=2.973, p=0.058). Hubo una asociación significativa entre género y posición deportiva, con una mayor participación de mujeres como atletas y árbitras en comparación con entrenadoras. Concluimos que, aunque hay un movimiento hacia la igualdad cuantitativa, las mujeres siguen estando subrepresentadas como atletas, entrenadoras y árbitras en atletismo, lo que indica la necesidad de inversiones en políticas deportivas, desarrollo de programas deportivos considerando una práctica de atletismo equitativa en términos de género, y una comprensión cualitativa de los desafíos que enfrentan estas profesionales.
Palabras clave: género; justicia social; psicología del deporte; gestión deportiva; liderazgo
Abstract. Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue in sports, attracting increasing attention in contemporary research. Despite this, scant scholarly focus has been directed towards the participation of women in athletics. This study sought to investigate the involvement of women as athletes, coaches, and referees across various age categories and events within the Brazilian Athletics Championship 2019. We assessed publicly available data from the championship, specifically the number of women in these roles. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test for association estimation, and one sample t-tests for mean frequency comparisons. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Our findings revealed no significant association between event type and age category, indicating a similar frequency of female athlete participation across different events and age groups. Notably, the average participation of women as athletes (42%) and coaches (19%) was statistically below the 50% threshold (t=4.595, p<0.001; t=25.00, p<0.001, respectively). Women represented 41% of the referees and did not show a significant difference to 50% (t=2.973, p=0.058). There was a significant association between gender and sport position with a higher participation of women as athletes and referees compared to coaches. In this study we show that, although there is a movement towards quantitative equality, women are still underrepresented as athletes, coaches, and referees in athletics, emphasizing the imperative for investment in sports policies, sports programs development geared towards fostering gender equality in athletics practices, and a qualitative comprehension of the challenges and barriers these professionals face.
Keywords: Gender; social justice; sport psychology; sport management; leadership
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