Association of muscle strength with attention, hyperactive-attentive behavior, mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning in schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.95093Keywords:
Learning, Cognition, Physical Condition, Behavior, Schoolchildren, Executive functionsAbstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible association of lower body, abdominal and manual muscle strength with attention, hyperactive-attentive behavior in the classroom, mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning in boys and girls diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The sample consisted of 94 ADHD students (50 girls and 44 boys, 53% and 47% respectively) aged 9.48 ± 2.10 years. Attention was measured with the d2 test, the EDAH test was used for hyperactive-impulsive behavior in the classroom and two ad hoc tests were used to evaluate mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning. The results have shown that in boys there is a negative association between the level of abdominal and manual strength with the presence of hyperactive-attentive behavior in the classroom (p=.001 and p=.009, respectively). In girls, greater lower body strength was associated with higher levels of attention (p=.042) and manual strength was positively related to linguistic reasoning (p=.019). It is concluded that greater muscle strength is associated with better cognition and hyperactive-impulsive behavior in the classroom in schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD, regardless of their age and BMI. It is recommended to implement physical activity programs aimed at improving muscle strength as it could benefit the learning process in students diagnosed with ADHD.
Keywords: learning, cognition, physical condition, behavior, schoolchildren, executive functions.
References
Álvarez-Bueno, C., Hillman, C.H., Cavero-Redondo, I., Sánchez-López, M., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2020). Aerobic fitness and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 38(5), 582-589. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1720496
American Psychiatric Association (2014). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychia-tric Pub.
Bermejo-Cantarero, A., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Martínez-Vizcaino, V., Redondo-Tébar, A., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P., & Sánchez-López, M. (2021). Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Health and quality of life outcomes, 19(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000222
Bock, J., Breuer, S., Poeggel, G., & Braun, K. (2017). Early life stress induces attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavioral and brain metabolic dysfunctions: functional imaging of methylphenidate treatment in a novel rodent model. Brain Structure and Function, 222(2), 765-780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1244-7
Canals, J., Morale, P., Roigé, J., Voltas, N., & Hernández, C. (2020). Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of ADHD in Pre-School and School Age Children in the Province of Tarragona, Spain. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(13), 1818–1833. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720938866
Carrel, A.L., Clark, R.R., Peterson, S.E., Nemeth, B.A., Sullivan, J., & Allen, D.B. (2005). Improvement of fitness, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight children in a school-based exercise program: a randomized, controlled study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 159(10), 963-968. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.10.963
Catalá-López, F., Hutton, B., Núñez-Beltrán, A., Page, M.J., Ridao, M., Macías Saint-Gerons, D., Catalá M.A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. & Moher, D. (2017). The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyper-activity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PloS one, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180355
Cerrillo-Urbina, A.J., García-Hermoso, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Pardo-Guijarro, M.J., Ruiz-Hermosa, A., & Sánchez-López, M. (2018). Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: result from a Spanish sample of children. BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1083-1
Chakroun, K., Mathar, D., Wiehler, A., Ganzer, F., & Peters, J. (2020). Dopaminergic modulation of the explora-tion/exploitation trade-off in human decision-making. Elife, 9. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51260
Cortese, S., Sabé, M., Chen, C., Perroud, N., & Solmi, M. (2022). Half a century of research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A scientometric study. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104769
Dimitri, P., Joshi, K., & Jones, N. (2020). Moving more: physical activity and its positive effects on long term conditions in children and young people. Archives of disease in childhood, 105(11), 1035-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318017
Donnelly, J.E., Hillman, C.H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J.L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K. & Szabo-Reed, A.N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Medi-cine and science in sports and exercise, 48(6), 1197-1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000901
El-Sayes, J., Harasym, D., Turco, C.V., Locke, M.B., & Nelson, A.J. (2019). Exercise-induced neuroplasticity: a mecha-nistic model and prospects for promoting plasticity. The Neuroscientist, 25(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858418771538
Farré, A. & Narbona, J. (2013). EDAH. Escalas para la evaluación del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (séptima edición revisada). Madrid: TEA
Harpin, V., Mazzone, L., Raynaud, J.P., Kahle, J., & Hodgkins, P. (2016). Long-term outcomes of ADHD: a systematic review of self-esteem and social function. Journal of attention disorders, 20(4), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713486516
Hung, C.L., Chang, Y.K., Chan, Y.S., Shih, C.H., Huang, C.J., & Hung, T.M. (2013). Motor ability and inhibitory pro-cesses in children with ADHD: a neuroelectric study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(3), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.3.322
Janssen, A., Leahy, A.A., Diallo, T.M., Smith, J.J., Kennedy, S.G., Eather, N., Mavilidi, M.F., Wagemakers, A., Babic, M.J. & Lubans, D.R. (2020). Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and mental health in older adolescents: a multi-level cross-sectional analysis. Preventive medicine, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105985
Kapoor, V., Ferri, R., Stein, M.A., Ruth, C., Reed, J., & DelRosso, L.M. (2021). Restless sleep disorder in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(4), 639-643. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8984
Lulic, T., El-Sayes, J., Fassett, H.J., & Nelson, A.J. (2017). Physical activity levels determine exercise-induced changes in brain excitability. PLoS One, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173672
Martínez-López, E.J., Hita-Contreras, F., Moral-García, J.E., Grao-Cruces, A., Ruiz, J.R., Redecillas-Peiró, M.T., & Martínez-Amat, A. (2015). Association of low weekly physical activity and sedentary lifestyle with self-perceived health, pain, and well-being in a Spanish teenage population. Science & Sports, 30(6), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2015.04.007
Meeusen, R., & De Meirleir, K. (1995). Exercise and brain neurotransmission. Sports Medicine, 20(3), 160-188. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520030-00004
Ortega, F.B., Ruiz, J.R., Castillo, M.J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International journal of obesity, 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Padulo, J., Bragazzi, N.L., De Giorgio, A., Grgantov, Z., Prato, S., & Ardigò, L.P. (2019). The effect of physical activity on cognitive performance in an Italian elementary school: Insights from a pilot study using structural equation modeling. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00202
Polanczyk, G.V, Salum, G.A., Sugaya, L.S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L.A. (2015). Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcpp.12381
Ruiz-Ariza, A., Casuso, R.A., Suárez-Manzano, S., & Martínez-López, E.J. (2018). Effect of augmented reality game Pokèmon GO on cognitive performance and emotional intelligence in adolescent young. Computers & Education, 116, 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.002
Ruiz-Ariza, A., Grao-Cruces, A., de Loureiro, N.E.M., & Martinez-Lopez, E.J. (2015). Influence of physical fitness on cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review from 2005–2015. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 108-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1184699
Ruiz, J.R., España, V., Castro, J., Artero, E.G., Ortega, F.B., Cuenca, M., Jiménez, D., Chillón, P., Girela, M.J., Mora, J., Gutiérrez, A., Suni, J., Sjöstrom, M. & Castillo, M.J. (2011). Batería ALPHA-Fitness: test de campo para la evalua-ción de la condición física relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 26(6), 1210-1214.
Santana, C.C.A., Azevedo, L.B., Cattuzzo, M.T., Hill, J.O., Andrade, L.P., & Prado, W.L. (2017). Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(6), 579-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12773
Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D. (2018). ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(2), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30167-0.
Seisdedos, N. (2012). Adaptación española D2, test de atención de Brickenkamp (4ª Edición revisada). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Silva, L. A. D., Doyenart, R., Henrique Salvan, P., Rodrigues, W., Felipe Lopes, J., Gomes, K., ... & Silveira, P. C. (2020). Swimming training improves mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in children with At-tention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. International journal of environmental health research, 30(5), 584-592. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1612041
Stillman, C.M., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Brown, B., Bender, C.M., & Erickson, K.I. (2020). Effects of exercise on brain and cognition across age groups and health states. Trends in neurosciences, 43(7), 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.010
Suárez-Manzano, S., Ruiz-Ariza, A., De La Torre-Cruz, M.J, & Martínez-López, E.J. (2018a). Acute and chronic effect of physical activity on cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD: A systematic review of intervention studies. Research in developmental disabilities, 77, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.015
Suárez-Manzano, S., Ruiz-Ariza, A., de la Torre-Cruz, M.J., & Martínez-López, E.J. (2018b). Effect of monitored cooper-ative HIIT on attention, concentration, memory, linguistic reasoning and mathematical calculation in ADHD youth. In-ternational Journal of Sport Psychology, 49(6), 531-551.
Sullivan, R.A., Kuzel, A.H., Vaandering, M.E., & Chen, W. (2017). The association of physical activity and academic behavior: a systematic review. Journal of school health, 87(5), 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12502
Tsai, Y.J., Huang, C.J., Hung, C.L., Kao, S.C., Lin, C.F., Hsieh, S.S., & Hung, T.M. (2020). Muscular fitness, motor competence, and processing speed in preschool children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(3), 415-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2019.1661835
Welsch, L., Alliott, O., Kelly, P., Fawkner, S., Booth, J., & Niven, A. (2021). The effect of physical activity interventions on executive functions in children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activi-ty, 20, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100379
World Health Organitation (2019). International stadistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of physical activity on motor skills and cog-nitive development in early childhood: a systematic review. BioMed research international, 1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716
Zhang, T., Lu, G., & Wu, X.Y. (2020). Associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and self-rated health among the general population of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237725
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
