Relationship between physical exercise type and fatigue quantified through HRV, CK, and blood lactate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.89479Keywords:
Sports performance, measurement , physical stress biomarkers, testAbstract
Athletes are exposed to high-intensity loads to promote athletic performance, however, the effects are not evaluated appropriately. This study investigates the effects of four types of exhaustion exercises on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Poincaré features (SD1: Standard deviation 1and SD2: Standard deviation 2), Creatine Kinase (CK) and blood lactate concentrations as biomarkers of fatigue. To achieve this purpose, 10 healthy volunteers were exposed to exhaustive exercise using isotonic, isometric, aerobic and anaerobic fatigue protocols. HRV Poincaré features, standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability (SD1) and standard deviation of continuous long-term R-R interval variability (SD2) variables were collected. Fatigue was tested through the sympathetic stress index (SS), the index sympathetic/parasympathetic index (S/PS) and the root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (rMSSD) as parasympathetic index. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the exercises to determine CK and lactate. The SD1 decreased in each exercise protocol, while the SS and S/PS increased. Lactate and CK increased at the end of each protocol and correlated with SD1 and S/PS. HRV, CK, and lactate are acute markers to detect fatigue, are sensitive to the type, duration, and intensity of exercise, being HRV a novel noninvasive marker, simple and useful for sports coaches and athletes.
References
American College of Sport Medicine. (2016). ACSM´s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 81-86. ISBN-10: 1-4963-3907-X.
Ascensao, A., Rebelo, A., Oliveira, E., Marques, F., Pereira, L. & Magalhaes, J. (2008). Biochemical impact of a soccer match - analysis of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers throughout recovery. Clin. Biochem, 41(10-11), 841-851. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.008
Baird, M.F., Graham, S.M., Baker, J.S. & Bickerstaff, G.F. (2012). Creatine-kinase-and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J. Nutr. Metab, 1-13. doi: 10.1155/2012/960363.
Brancaccio, P., Maffulli, N. & Limongelli, F.M. (2007). Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br. Med. Bull, 81(1), 209-230. PMID: 17569697
Bredin, S. S., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V. K. & Warburton, D. E. (2013). PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+: new risk stratification and physical activity clearance strategy for physicians and patients alike. Canadian family physician, 59(3), 273-277.
Buchheit, M.; Voss, S.C.; Nybo, L.; Mohr, M. & Racinais, S. (2011). Physiological and performance adaptations to an in-season soccer camp in the heat: associations with heart rate and heart rate variability. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 21(6), e477-485. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01378.x.
Cortex. Operador’s Manual Metalyser 3B. (2016). Operation, calibration, maintenance. version ML3B 2.1. Available online: https://www.procarebv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Cortex-Metalyzer-3B_-Handleiding.pdf (Accessed on 31 October 2018).
De la Cruz, B., López, C. & Naranjo, J. (2008). Analysis of heart rate variability at rest and during aerobic exercise: a study in healthy people and cardiac patients. Br. J. Sports Med, 42(9), 715-720. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.043646
Erickson, K., Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Sport experiences, milestones, and educational activities associated with high-performance coaches’ development. The sport psychologist, 21(3), 302-316. doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.3.302.
Ghosh, A. K. (2004). Anaerobic threshold: its concept and role in endurance sport. Malays. J. Med. Sci, 11(1), 24-36. PMCID: PMC3438148.
Gladden, L.B. (2004). Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. J. Physiol, 558(1), 5-30. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058701.
Grassi, B., Rossiter, B. & Zoladz, J. (2015). Skeletal muscle fatigue and decrases efficiency: two sides of the same coin? American college of sport medicine 42 (2), 75-83. doi: 0091-6331/4302/75Y83
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports medicine, 44(2), 139-147.
Halson, S. & Jeukendrup, A. (2004). Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sport med 34 (14) 967-981
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E., Mann, T., Rusko, H. & Nummela, A. (2010). Can HRV be used to evaluate training load in constant load exercises? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 108(3), 435–442. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1240-1.
Karapetian, G.K., Engels, H.J. & Gretebeck, R. J. (2008). Use of heart rate variability to estimate LT and VT. Int. J. Sports Med, 29(08), 652-657. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-989423.
Leicht, A.S., Sinclair, W.H. & Spinks, W.L. (2008). Effect of exercise mode on heart rate variability during steady state exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 102(2), 195-204. doi: 10.1007/s00421-007-0574-9.
Lucini, D., Marchetti, I., Spataro, A., Malacarne, M., Benzi, M., Tamorri, S., ... & Pagani, M. (2017). Heart rate variability to monitor performance in elite athletes: Criticalities and avoidable pitfalls. International journal of cardiology, 240, 307-312.
Medina, M. de la Cruz, B.; Garrido, A, Garrido, M. & Naranjo, J. (2012). Normal values of heart rate variability at rest in a young, healthy and active Mexican population. Health, 4(7), 377-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2012.47060
Naranjo, J., de la Cruz, B., Sarabia, E., de Hoyo, M. & Domínguez, S. (2015). Two new indexes for the assessment of autonomic balance in elite soccer players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform, 10(4), 452-457. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0235
Nosaka, K. & Clarkson, P. M. (1996). Variability in serum creatine kinase response after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Int. J. Sports Med, 17(02), 120-127.
Ramos-Jimenez, A., Hernandez-Torres, R.P., Torres-Duran, P.V., Romero-Gonzalez, J., Mascher, D., Posadas-Romero, C. & Juarez-Oropeza, M.A. (2008). The respiratory exchange ratio is associated with fitness indicators both in trained and untrained men: a possible application for people with reduced exercise tolerance. Clin. Med. Circ. Respir. Pulm. Med., 2, 1–9. PMCID: PMC2990231
Ramos-Jiménez, A.; Hernández-Torres, R.P.; Wall-Medrano, A.; Juarez-Oropeza, M.A. & Vera-Elizalde, M. (2013). Blood lactate kinetics on passive and active recovery. Gazz. Med. Ital, 172(5), 342-350.
Reynoso-Sánchez, L. F., Hernández-Cruz, G., López-Walle, J. M., Rangel-Colmenero, B. R. Quezada-Chacón, J. T. & Jaenes-Sánchez, J. C. (2016). Balance de estrés-recuperación en jugadores universitarios de voleibol durante una temporada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (30), 193-197.
Sarmiento, S., García-Manso, J.M., Martín-González, J.M., Vaamonde, D., Calderón, J. & Da Silva-Grigoletto, M.E. (2013). Heart rate variability during high-intensity exercise. J. Syst. Sci. Complex, 26(1), 104-116.
Seiler, S.; Haugen, O.; Kuffel, E. (2007). Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med. Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1366-1373. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d
Sumi, K., Suzuki, S., Matsubara, M., Ando, Y. & Kobayashi, F. (2006). Heart rate variability during high-intensity field exercise in female distance runners. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 16(5), 314-320. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00492.x
Thayer, J.F., Yamamoto, S.S. & Brosschot, J.F. (2010). The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int. J. Cardiol, 141(2), 122-131. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543
Vernillo, G.; Agnello, L.; Barbuti, A.; Di Meco, S.; Lombardi, G.; Merati, G. & La Torre, A. (2015). Postexercise autonomic function after repeated-sprints training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 115(11), 2445-2455. doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3226-5.
Zulfiqar, U., Jurivich, D.A., Gao, W. & Singer, D.H. (2010). Relation of high heart rate variability to healthy longevity. Am. J. Cardiol, 105(8), 1181-1185. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.022.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 German Hernández-Cruz, Edson Francisco Estrada-Meneses, Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez, Blanca Rocío Rangel-Colmenero, Luis Felipe Reynoso-Sánchez, Janeth Miranda-Mendoza, José Trinidad Quezada-Chacón
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
