Aplicaciones de la Máxima Oxidación de Grasas y FATmax en la evaluación del rendimiento deportivo en atletas-de resistencia-: una revisión narrativa (Applications of Maximum Fat Oxidation and FATmax in the evaluation of sports performance in endurance-athletes: a narrative review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.95197Palabras clave:
deporte, fisiología del ejercicio, alto rendimiento deportivo, metabolismo, entrenamiento físicoResumen
El uso diferencial de sustratos energéticos (lípidos y carbohidratos) durante la competencia deportiva se ha propuesto como un factor determinante del rendimiento deportivo. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tiene por objetivos: (i) describir la asociación de la máxima oxidación de grasas (MFO) y su correspondiente intensidad (FATmax) con indicadores del rendimiento deportivo en atletas de resistencia, (ii) reportar el fenotipo metabólico de atletas pertenecientes a diferentes disciplinas deportivas. Resultados: La FATmax y MFO están directamente asociadas entre sí, sin embargo, solo la MFO esta positivamente asociada con el tiempo de carrera en atletas de triatlón, esquiadores profesionales a campo traviesa y corredores de ultramaraton. En dichas poblaciones, el máximo consumo de oxigeno (VO2max) muestra una correlación positiva con la MFO, mientras que la edad esta inversamente asociada a MFO. Tanto la FATmax como la MFO han sido estudiados en pocas disciplinas deportivas. Por otro lado, la MFO difiere entre atletas de distintas disciplinas deportivas, siendo superior en corredores de larga distancia y esquiadores profesionales vs. ciclistas (0.55±0.09 vs. 0.48±0.05 g∙min-1), a pesar de similitudes en el VO2max y la masa libre de grasa. Aunque la MFO reportada en atletas de balonmano, voleibol y baloncesto (0.59±0.24 g∙min-1), así como en futbolistas profesionales (0.69±0.15 g∙min-1), es superior a los valores observados en corredores de larga distancia y esquiadores de elite. Conclusión: La relación de la MFO y la FATmax con el rendimiento deportivo varía según la edad, disciplina deportiva y el sexo de los atletas, observándose un fenotipo metabólico particular para cada disciplina deportiva. Por lo tanto, además de medir el VO2max y la intensidad de trabajo correspondiente al umbral de lactato o segundo umbral ventilatorio se recomienda incorporar la MFO y FATmax en las evaluaciones fisiológicas de los atletas para optimizar su rendimiento físico.
Palabras clave: deporte, fisiología del ejercicio, alto rendimiento deportivo, metabolismo, entrenamiento físico.
Abstract: The differential use of energy substrates (lipids and carbohydrates) during sports competitions has been proposed to determine sports performance. Therefore, this review has the objectives: (i) describe the association of maximum oxidation of fats (MFO) and its corresponding intensity (Fatmax) with indicators of sports performance in resistance athletes, (ii) report the Metabolic athlete phenotype belonging to different sports disciplines. Both FATmax and MFO have been studied in a few sports disciplines. Results: Fatmax and MFO are directly associated with each other; however, only the MFO was positively associated with the career time in triathlon athletes, professional skiers with a mischievous field, and ultramarathon runners. In these populations, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) positively correlates with the MFO, while age is inversely associated with MFO. Although the MFO reported in handball, volleyball, and basketball athletes (0.59±0.24 g∙min-1), as well as in professional players (0.69±0.15 g∙min-1), MFO is superior to the values observed in long-distance corridors and elite skiers. On the other hand, the MFO differs between athletes from different sports disciplines, being superior in long-distance corridors and professional skiers vs. cyclists (0.55±0.09 vs. 0.48±0.05 g∙min-1), despite similarities in the VO2max and fat-free mass. Conclusion: The relationship of the MFO and the Fatmax with sports performance varies according to age, sports discipline, and the sex of athletes, observing a particular metabolic phenotype for each sports discipline. Therefore, in addition to measuring the VO2max and the work intensity corresponding to the lactate threshold or second ventilatory threshold, it is recommended to incorporate the MFO and Fatmax in the physiological evaluations of the athletes to optimize their physical performance.
Keywords: sport, exercise physiology, high sports performance, metabolism, physical training.
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