Effect of a physical exercise program on physical fitness and visceral fat in people with obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.78997Keywords:
Obesity. Physical exercise. Body composition. Visceral fat. Senior Fitness TestAbstract
Abstract. Background. Obesity can be defined as an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure as a result weight gain. Currently is accepted that obesity is one of the major social and health problems worldwide and its prevalence is continuously increasing. Visceral fat is considered as a pathogenic factor in obesity. Objective. The main was to evaluate the effect of concurrent training on physical fitness in people with obesity, body composition and visceral fat area. Methods. 30 obese people participated in this study. They conducted an adapted and controlled concurrent training program during eight weeks. Physical fitness tests (muscular resistance, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility) and body composition measure were applied before and after the intervention period. Results. Improvement was observed on physical fitness variables. Muscle strength, both in the lower extremities (p = .001) and upper extremities (right arm p = .001 and left arm p = .002). Also, the walking speed (p = .001) and agility (p = .001) increased significantly. All body composition variables improved significantly. While fat mass, body weight, BMI and visceral fat area decreased considerably (p <.001), fat free mass and muscle mass increased significantly (p = .001). Conclusion. Concurrent training program improves significantly body composition in obese people, which are related with levels muscular strength enhanced, and conduces significant decrease in visceral fat.
References
Alberga AS, Prud’homme D, Sigal RJ, Goldfield GS, Hadjiyannakis S, Phillips P…& Kenny GP. (2016). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(3), 255-65. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0413.
Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Agostini D, Vallorani L, Gioacchini A, Barbieri E…& Stocchi V. (2017). Concurrent aerobic and resistance training has anti-inflammatory effects and increases both plasma and leukocyte levels of IGF-1 in late middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017:3937842. doi: 10.1155/2017/3937842.
Antunes, B. M. M., Christofaro, D. G. D., Monteiro, P. A., Silveira, L. S., Fernandes, R. A., Mota, J., & Freitas Júnior, I. F. (2015). Effect of concurrent training on gender-specific biochemical variables and adiposity in obese adolescents. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59(4), 303-309. doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000095
Bae JY, Jang KS, Kang S, Han DH, Yang W & Shin KO. (2015). Correlation between basic physical fitness and pulmonary function in Korean children and adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(9), 2687-92. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2687.
Blair SN & Brodney S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(11 Suppl):S646-62.
Borel AL, Nazare JA, Smith J, Alméras N, Tremblay A, Bergeron J…& Després JP. (2012). Visceral and not subcutaneous abdominal adiposity reduction drives the benefits of a 1‐year lifestyle modification program. Obesity, 20(6), 1223-33. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.396.
Browning MG, Bean MK, Wickham EP, Stern M & Evans RK. (2015). Cardiometabolic and fitness improvements in obese girls who either gained or lost weight during treatment. The Journal of pediatrics, 166 (6), 1364-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.011.
Brunelli DT, Chacon-Mikahil MP, Gaspari AF, Lopes WA, Bonganha V, Bonfante IL…& Cavaglieri CR. (2015). Combined Training Reduces Subclinical Inflammation in Obese Middle-Age Men. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47 (10), 2207-15. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000658.
Campos RMS, de Mello MT, Tock L, Silva PL, Masquio DCL, de Piano A…& Dâmaso AR. (2014). Aerobic plus resistance training improves bone metabolism and inflammation in adolescents who are obese. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(3), 758-66. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a996df.
Chehreh MEG, Shamsoddini A & Rahimi M. (2020). The Effects of Resistance Training on Body and Liver Fat Stores and Insulin Resistance in Peoples with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(3), 614-6.
Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second Edition ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 20-27.
Colato, A., Abreu, F., Medeiros, N., Lemos, L., Dorneles, G., Ramis, T., . . . Peres, A. (2014). Effects of concurrent training on inflammatory markers and expression of CD4, CD8, and HLA-DR in overweight and obese adults. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 12(2), 55-61. doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2014.06.002
Dâmaso AR, da Silveira Campos RM, Caranti DA, de Piano A, Fisberg M, Foschini D…& de Mello MT. (2014). Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than aerobic training in obese adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 32(15), 1435-45. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.900692.
Da Silva Medeiros, N., De Abreu, F. G., Colato, A. S., De Lemos, L. S., Ramis, T. R., Dorneles, G. P., . . . Dani, C. (2015). Effects of concurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in obese individuals. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/697181
Diabetes Prevention Program Research G. (2002) The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes care, 25(12), 2165-71.
Donma O & Donma MM. (2020). Assessment of Obesity Parameters in Terms of Metabolic Age above and below Chronological Age in Adults. International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 14, 65-8. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3669299
El-Kader SMA, Al-Jiffri OH & Al-Shreef FM. (2015). Aerobic exercises alleviate symptoms of fatigue related to inflammatory cytokines in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. African health sciences, 15(4), 1142-8. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.13.
Erikssen G. (2001). Physical fitness and changes in mortality: the survival of the fittest. Sports medicine, 31(8), 571-6.
García González, A., & Froment, F. (2017). Beneficios de la actividad física sobre la autoestima y la calidad de vida de personas mayores (Benefits of physical activity on self-esteem and quality of life of older people). Retos, (33), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.50969
Guerra RS, Amaral TF, Sousa AS, Fonseca I, Pichel F & Restivo MT. (2017). Comparison of jamar and bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(7), 1931-40. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001666.
Guicciardi, M., Lecis, R., Massidda, D., Corgiolu, L., Porru, A., Pusceddu, M., & Spanu, F. (2019). Mixed effects of a six-month supervised exercise program in overweight and moderately obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Life Span and Disability, 22(2), 205-221.
Guillen Pereira, L., Bueno Fernandez, E., Gutierrez Cruz, M., & Guerra Santiesteban, J. (2017). Programa de actividad física y su incidencia en la depresión y bienestar subjetivo de adultos mayores (Impact of a physical activity program on older adults’ depression and subjective well-being). Retos, (33), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.49638
Haberka M, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Biedroń M, Szóstak-Janiak K, Partyka M, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M…& Gąsior Z. (2018). Obesity, visceral fat, and hypertension-related complications. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 16, 521-9. doi:10.1089/met.2018.0062
Haddad L, Hawkes C, Webb P, Thomas S, Beddington J, Waage J…& Flynn D. (2016). A new global research agenda for food. Nature, 540(7631), 30-2. doi:10.1038/540030a
Hamasaki H, Kawashima Y, Tamada Y, Furuta M, Katsuyama H, Sako A…& Yanai H. (2015). Correction: Associations of low-intensity resistance training with body composition and lipid profile in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. PloS one, 10(8):e0137154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137154.
Huck CJ. (2015). Effects of supervised resistance training on fitness and functional strength in patients succeeding bariatric surgery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(3), 589-95. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000667.
Ismail I, Keating SE, Baker MK & Johnson NA. (2012). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesity reviews, 13(1), 68-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x.
Janochova K, Haluzik M & Buzga M. (2019). Visceral fat and insulin resistance – what we know? Biomedical Papers, 163(1), 19-27. doi: 10.5507/bp.2018.062.
Johnson NA, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Smith K, Armstrong A, Thompson MW…& George J. (2009). Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology, 50(4), 1105-12. doi: 10.1002/hep.23129
Loturco I, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Nakamura FY, Abad CCC, Kobal R…& González-Badillo JJ. (2014). Transference of traditional versus complex strength and power training to sprint performance. Journal of human kinetics, 41, 265-73. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0054
Lynch NA, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Dennis KE & Goldberg AP. (2001). Reductions in visceral fat during weight loss and walking are associated with improvements in VO(2 max). Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(1), 99-104.
McLaughlin T, Lamendola C, Liu A & Abbasi F. (2011). Preferential fat deposition in subcutaneous versus visceral depots is associated with insulin sensitivity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(11), E1756-E60. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0615
Mendelson M, Michallet AS, Monneret D, Perrin C, Estève F, Lombard PR…& Flore P. (2015). Impact of exercise training without caloric restriction on inflammation, insulin resistance and visceral fat mass in obese adolescents. Pediatric obesity, 10(4), 311-9. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.255
Meseguer Zafra, M., García-Cantó, E., Rodríguez García, P. L., Pérez-Soto, J. J., Tárraga López, P. J., Rosa Guillamón, A., & Tarraga López, M. L. (2018). Influencia de un programa de ejercicio físico terapéutico sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis, 30(3), 95-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2017.11.003
Miranda-Aguilar, D., Valdés-Badilla, P., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Magnani Branco, B., Méndez-Rebolledo, G., & López-Fuenzalida, A. (2019). ¿Bandas elásticas o equipos de gimnasio para el entrenamiento de adultos mayores? (Elastic bands or gym equipment for the training of older adults?). Retos, 37(37), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.73009
Mohamed SA, Lamya N, Nejlaoui O & Hamda M. (2015). Effects of High-Impact Aerobics vs. mixed Low-Impact Aerobics and Strength Training Program on Body composition, physical fitness and CVD Risk factors in Overweight and Obese Grade I Women. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 57(3). doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05857-X
Monteiro PA, Chen KY, Lira FS, Saraiva BTC, Antunes BMM, Campos EZ…& Freitas IF Jr. (2015). Concurrent and aerobic exercise training promote similar benefits in body composition and metabolic profiles in obese adolescents. Lipids in health and disease, 14, 153. doi: 10.1186/s12944-015-0152-9
Mora-Rodríguez R, Sanchez-Roncero A, Fernández-Elías VE, Guadalupe-Grau A, Ortega JF, Dela F…& Helge JW. (2016). Aerobic exercise training increases muscle water content in obese middle-age men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), 822-8. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000848
Moreno B, Crujeiras AB, Bellido D, Sajoux I & Casanueva FF. (2016). Obesity treatment by very low-calorie-ketogenic diet at two years: reduction in visceral fat and on the burden of disease. Endocrine, 54(3), 681-90. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1050-2
Munhoz RdSC, Moreira CE, da Silva Leão P, Landi DCM, Campos FC, Pelissari ACK…& Dâmaso AR. (2019). The effect of aerobic plus resistance training associated with a long-term interdisciplinary weight loss program on visceral fat and isokinetic parameters in adolescents with obesity. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09857-8
Myers J, Kaykha A, George S, Abella J, Zaheer N, Lear S…& Froelicher V. (2004). Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. The American journal of medicine, 117(12), 912-8.
Noble BJ, Borg GA, Jacobs I, Ceci R & Kaiser P. (1983). A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 15(6):523-528.
Nuzzo JL. (2019). The Case for Retiring Flexibility as a Major Component of Physical Fitness. Sports Medicine, 1-18. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01248-w
Ogwumike OO, Arowojolu AO & Sanya AO. (2011). Effects of a 12-week endurance exercise program on adiposity and flexibility of Nigerian perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 26(2), 199-206.
O.M.S. (2020a). Organización Mundial de la Salud: Obesidad y sobrepeso. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
O.M.S. (2020b). Organización Mundial de la Salud: Temas de Salud. Obesidad. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/es/
Ong HL, Abdin E, Chua BY, Zhang Y, Seow E, Vaingankar JA…& Subramaniam M. (2017). Hand-grip strength among older adults in Singapore: a comparison with international norms and associative factors. BMC geriatrics, 17(1), 176. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0565-6
Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Turner, M. C., & Nimmo, M. A. (2018). Satellite cell response to concurrent resistance exercise and high-intensity interval training in sedentary, overweight/obese, middle-aged individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(2), 225-238. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3721-y
Ramos RM, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Asano RY, Prado RCR, Silveira R, Urtado CB…& de Oliveira Assumpção C. (2019). Impact of Moderate Aerobic Training on Physical Capacities of Hypertensive Obese Elderly. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 5(2333721419859691). doi: 10.1177/2333721419859691
Rikli RE & Jones CJ. (1999). Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. Journal of aging and physical activity, 7(2), 129-61. doi: 10.1123/japa.7.2.129
Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Rutkowski J, Lenz B, Dixon C, Timmer J…& Andreacci J. (2003). Concurrent validation of the OMNI perceived exertion scale for resistance exercise. Psichobiology and Behavioral Sciences, 35(2), 333-41. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000048831.15016.2A
Roekenes J, Strømmen M, Kulseng B & Martins C. (2015). The impact of feet callosities, arm posture, and usage of electrolyte wipes on body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in morbidly obese adults. Obesity facts, 8(6), 364-72. doi: 10.1159/000442033
Ryan AS. (2016). Improvements in insulin sensitivity after aerobic exercise and weight loss in older women with a history of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine research, 41(2), 132-41. doi: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1094087
Sampath Kumar A, Arun Maiya G, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Maiya S & Umakanth S. (2019). Correlation between basal metabolic rate, visceral fat and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 13(1), 344-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.10.005
Sekizuka H & Miyake H. (2020). Visceral fat accumulation as a risk factor for coronary heart diseases among a Japanese occupational population. Obesity Medicine, 18. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100200
Sheikholeslami-Vatani, D., Siahkouhian, M., Hakimi, M., & Ali-Mohammadi, M. (2015). The effect of concurrent training order on hormonal responses and body composition in obese men. Science and Sports, 30(6), 335-341. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2015.06.005
Shephard, R. J. (1988). PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test and exercise screening alternatives. Sports medicine, 5(3), 185-195.
Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Stodden DF & Lubans DR. (2016). Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: The ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of sports, 34(8), 772-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1069383
Soori, R., Ravasi, A. A., Azarmohammad, R., Ranjbar, K., & Pournemati, P. (2020). Effects of 12 weeks concurrent aerobic and resistance training on serum vaspin and C-reactive protein levels in obese middle-aged men. Koomesh, 22(2), 365-371.
Suárez-Carmona W, Sánchez-Oliver AJ & González-Jurado JA. (2017). Fisiopatología de la obesidad: Perspectiva actual. Revista chilena de nutrición, 44(3), 226-33. Doi: 10.4067/s0717-75182017000300226
Suárez-Carmona W & Sánchez-Oliver AJ. (2018). Índice de masa corporal: ventajas y desventajas de su uso en la obesidad. Relación con la fuerza y la actividad física. Nutrición Clínica, 12, 128-39. doi: 10.7400/NCM.2018.12.3.5067
Szeszulski J, Lorenzo E, Arriola A & Lee RE. (2020). Community-Based Measurement of Body Composition in Hispanic Women: Concurrent Validity of Dual-and Single-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003483
Tian Y, Jiang C, Wang M, Cai R, Zhang Y, He Z…& McNaughton LR. (2016). BMI, leisure-time physical activity, and physical fitness in adults in China: results from a series of national surveys, 2000–14. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(6), 487-97. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00081-4
Timmons JF, Minnock D, Hone M, Cogan KE, Murphy JC & Egan B. (2018). Comparison of time‐matched aerobic, resistance, or concurrent exercise training in older adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(11), 2272-2283. doi: 10.1111/sms.13254
Trampisch US, Franke J, Jedamzik N, Hinrichs T & Platen P. (2012). Optimal Jamar dynamometer handle position to assess maximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiological studies. The Journal of hand surgery, 37(11), 2368-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.08.014
Van Aggel-Leijssen DPC, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM, Senden JM & Van Baak MA. (2002). Effect of exercise training at different intensities on fat metabolism of obese men. Journal of applied physiology, 92(3), 1300-9.
Varela-Moreiras G, Ruiz E, Valero T, Ávila JM & del Pozo S. (2013). The Spanish diet: an update. Nutrición hospitalaria, 28 Suppl 5, 13-20. doi: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6914
Wang L, Mascher H, Psilander N, Blomstrand E & Sahlin K. (2011). Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology, 111(5), 1335-44. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2011
Winters-Stone KM, Dieckmann N, Maddalozzo GF, Bennett JA, Ryan CW, Beer TM & editors. (2015). Resistance exercise reduces body fat and insulin during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(4), 348-56. doi: 10.1188/15.ONF.348-356
Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Zhang X, Zhou S, Liu Y…& He Y. (2017). Comparable Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Prolonged Continuous Exercise Training on Abdominal Visceral Fat Reduction in Obese Young Women. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2017:5071740. doi: 10.1155/2017/5071740
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Ricardo Manuel Simón Mora, Antonio Jesús Sánchez Oliver, Walter Suárez Carmona, José Antonio González Jurado
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
