¿Ha influido la pandemia COVID-19 en el rendimiento de los triatletas de élite en la distancia Sprint y Olímpica de las ITU Series Mundiales de Triatlón? (Has Covid-19 pandemic influenced the performance of top-class triathletes in the Sprint and Olympic dis-tance of the ITU World Triathlon Championship Series?)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105394Palabras clave:
World Championship, swimming, cycling, running, transition, SARS-CoV-2Resumen
Las ITU Series Mundiales de Triatlón (WTS) es el principal campeonato de triatlón en distancia Sprint (SPD) y Olímpica (OD). La influencia de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el triatlón aún no está clara. El objetivo del presente estudio es proporcionar un análisis integral del efecto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el rendimiento en las WTS, centrándose en las categorías masculina y femenina y en las distancias SPD y OD. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes comparando sexo y distancias para las variables normales, mientras que la prueba U de Mann-Whitney se utilizó para las variables no normales. El análisis de la OD reveló cambios significativos en todas las variables estudiadas para ambos sexos. En esta distancia, los hombres mejoraron más en el rendimiento en ciclismo y en el rendimiento final que las mujeres (valores de p ˂0.001). La SPD mostró cambios significativos en el rendimiento en la mayoría de las variables analizadas. En esta distancia, los hombres mostraron mayores valores de cambio en el rendimiento en natación y ciclismo (valores de p ˂0.001), mientras que las mujeres los mostraron en el rendimiento en carrera (valor de p ˂0.001). El análisis de los cambios relativos en las diferentes distancias reveló diferencias significativas importantes en casi todas las variables. La variable con un tamaño de efecto mayor fue el rendimiento final (3.728; 12.605; 3.006). En general, la SPD muestra mejores valores de cambios que la OD en el rendimiento en natación, carrera y primera fase de transición (valores de p ˂0.001; ˂0.001; 0.001), pero es al revés para el rendimiento en ciclismo y carrera (valores de p ˂0.001). Estos resultados sugieren que los triatletas de ambos sexos que participaron en la WTS no solo pudieron mantener, sino también mejorar su nivel de rendimiento final a pesar de la pandemia de COVID-19.
Palabras clave: SARS-CoV-2, Campeonato Mundial, natación, ciclismo, carrera, transición.
Abstract. The ITU World Triathlon Championship Series (WTS) is the top championship for triathlon in Sprint (SPD) and Olympic distance (OD). The influence of COVID-pandemic on triathlon is not yet clear. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on performance in the WTS focusing on male and female categories and the SPD and OD. The Student's t-test for independent samples comparing sex and distances was used for normal variables, whereas the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for non-normal variables. The analysis of the OD revealed significant changes in all the studied variables for either sex. In this distance, men improved more in cycling performance and final performance than women (p values ˂0.001). The SPD displayed significant changes in performance in most of the analyzed variables. In this distance, men showed greater change values in swimming and cycling performance (p values ˂0.001) whereas women showed them in running performance (p value ˂0.001). The analysis of relative changes across the different distances revealed important significant differences in almost all variables. The variable with a larger effect size was the final performance (3.728; 12.605; 3.006). In overall, SPD shows better values of changes than OD in swimming, running performance and first transition phase (p values ˂0.001; ˂0.001; 0.001) but it is on the way around for the cycling and running performance (p values ˂0.001). These results suggest that triathletes participating in WTS in both sexes were able to not only maintain but also improve their final performance level despite COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, World Championship, swimming, cycling, running, transition.
Citas
Ahsan, Mohammad, and Turki Abualait. 2024. “Mental Health and Physical Activity during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.” Retos 56:419–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.104572.
Alarcón Meza, Edgar Ismael, and Javier Arturo Hall-López. 2021. “Physical Activity in University Student Athletes, Prior and in Confinement Due to Pandemic Associated with COVID-19.” Retos 39:572–75. doi: 10.47197/retos.v0i39.81293.
Bernard, Thierry, Frédéric Sultana, Romuald Lepers, Christophe Hausswirth, and Jeanick Brisswalter. 2010. “Age-Related Decline in Olympic Triathlon Performance: Effect of Locomotion Mode.” Experimental Aging Research 36(1):64–78. doi: 10.1080/03610730903418620.
da Costa, Taline Santos, Aldo Seffrin, Jonas de Castro Filho, Gabriela Togni, E. Castardeli, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Beat Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and Marilia Santos Andrade. 2022. “Effects of Aerobic and Strength Training on Depression, Anxiety, and Health Self-Perception Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 26(15):5601–10. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202208_29433.
Cuba-Dorado, Alba, Tania Álvarez-Yates, Javier Carballo-López, Mario Iglesias-Caamaño, Diego Fernández-Redondo, and Oscar García-García. 2022. “Neuromuscular Changes after a Long Distance Triathlon World Championship.” European Journal of Sport Science 22:1–11. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2134053.
Etter, Franziska, Beat Knechtle, Arkadiusz Bukowski, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2013. “Age and Gender Interactions in Short Distance Triathlon Performance.” Journal of Sports Sciences 31(9):996–1006. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.760747.
Faghy, Mark A., Ruth E. M. Ashton, Gary Parizher, Andy Smith, Ross Arena, Lewis A. Gough, and Michael S. Emery. 2020. “COVID-19 and Elite Sport: Cardiovascular Implications and Return-to-Play.” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (January). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.014.
Finlay, Mitchell James. 2022. “World Heavyweight Championship Boxing: The Past 30+ Years of the Male Division.” PLoS ONE 17(1 January):1–12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263038.
Fülöp, Gábor A., Álmos Gógl, Bálint Lakatos, Nóra Sydó, Emese Csulak, Bianka Mester, Szabolcs Tóth, Árpád Petrov, Vivien Klaudia Nagy, Gergo Merkely, and Béla Merkely. 2022. “Swimming Competitions in the Era of COVID-19: Lessons from Successfully Hosting the International Swimming League.” Physiology International 109(4):511–23. doi: 10.1556/2060.2022.00153.
Gallmann, Dalia, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2014. “Elite Triathletes in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ Get Older but Faster.” Age 36(1):407–16. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9534-y.
García-Tascón, Marta, Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo, César Sahelices-Pinto, and Ana-Ma Magaz-González. 2021. “Repercusión En La Calidad de Vida, Salud y Práctica de Actividad Física Del Confinamiento Por Covid-19 En España (Effects on Quality of Life, Health and Practice of Physical Activity of Covid-19 Confinement in Spain).” Retos 42:684–95. doi: 10.47197/retos.v42i0.88098.
Gattoni, C., E. Conti, A. Casolo, S. Nuccio, C. Baglieri, C. Capelli, and M. Girardi. 2022. “COVID-19 Disease in Professional Football Players: Symptoms and Impact on Pulmonary Function and Metabolic Power during Matches.” Physiological Reports 10(e15337). doi: 10.14814/phy2.15337.
Haupt, Samuel, Beat Knechtle, Patrizia Knechtle, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2013. “The Age-Related Performance Decline in Ultraendurance Mountain Biking.” Research in Sports Medicine 21(2):146–58. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2012.757228.
Hébert-Losier, Kim, Simon Platt, and William G. Hopkins. 2015. “Sources of Variability in Performance Times at the World Orienteering Championships.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 47(7):1523–30. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000558.
Hopkins, William G., Stephen W. Marshall, Alan M. Batterham, and Juri Hanin. 2009. “Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41(1):3–12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
Intelangelo, Leonardo, Nacim Gutiérrez, Nicolás Bevacqua, Cristian Mendoza, Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, and Daniel Jerez-Mayorga. 2022. “Effect of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Lifestyle of the University Population of Argentina: Evaluation of Physical Activity, Food and Sleep.” Retos 43:274–82. doi: 10.47197/RETOS.V43I0.88461.
Ishihara, Toru, Nicolas Robin, Takashi Naito, Munenori Murata, and Miguel Crespo. 2022. “Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Professional Tennis Players’ Match Statistics: A Large-Scale Population-Based Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 32(10):1516–18. doi: 10.1111/sms.14216.
Jaenes Sánchez, José Carlos, David Alarcón Rubio, Manuel Trujillo, Rafael Peñaloza Gómez, Amir Hossien Mehrsafar, Andrea Chirico, Francesco Giancamilli, and Fabio Lucidi. 2021. “Emotional Reactions and Adaptation to COVID-19 Lockdown (or Confinement) by Spanish Competitive Athletes: Some Lesson for the Future.” Frontiers in Psychology 12(May):1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621606.
Jeffery, S., B. Knechtle, C. A. Rüst, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers. 2012. “European Dominance in Triple Iron Ultra-Triathlons from 1988 to 2011.” Journal of Science and Cycling 1(1):30–38. doi: 10.5167/uzh-64371.
Karrer, Yannis, Stefan Fröhlich, Samuel Iff, Jörg Spörri, Johannes Scherr, Erich Seifritz, Boris B. Quednow, and Malte Christian Claussen. 2022. “Training Load, Sports Performance, Physical and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort of Swiss Elite Athletes.” PloS One 17(12):e0278203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278203.
Katanic, Borko, Dusko Bjelica, Marin Corluka, Adem Preljevic, and Arben Osmani. 2022. “Motivational Structure for Sports Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic in Professional Football Players.” Sport Mont 20(3):127–31. doi: 10.26773/smj.221020.
Knechtle, Beat, Athanasios A. Dalamitros, Tiago M. Barbosa, Caio Victor Sousa, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. 2020. “Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines—Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(10). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103651.
Knechtle, Beat, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers, and Christoph Alexander Rüst. 2014. “A Comparison of Performance of Deca Iron and Triple Deca Iron Ultra-Triathletes.” SpringerPlus 3(1). doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-461.
Knechtle, Beat, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2012. “Age and Gender Differences in Half-Ironman Triathlon Performances - the Ironman 70.3 Switzerland from 2007 to 2010.” Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 3(July):59–66. doi: 10.2147/oajsm.s32922.
De La Rubia, Alfonso, Christian Thue Bjørndal, Joaquín Sánchez-Molina, José María Yagüe, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, and Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo. 2020. “The Relationship between the Relative Age Effect and Performance among Athletes in World Handball Championships.” PLoS ONE 15(3):1–22. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230133.
Landers, Grant J., B. A. Blanksby, T. R. Ackland, and D. Smith. 2000. “Morphology and Performance of World Championship Triathletes.” Annals of Human Biology 27(4):387–400. doi: 10.1080/03014460050044865.
Lenherr, Reto, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2012. “From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011.” Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 54(1):55–67. doi: 10.2478/v10141-012-0013-4.
Lepers, R., F. Sultana, T. Bernard, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter. 2010. “Age-Related Changes in Triathlon Performances.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 31(4):251–56. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1243647.
Lepers, Romuald. 2019. “Sex Difference in Triathlon Performance.” Frontiers in Physiology 10(JUL):1–7. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00973.
Lepers, Romuald, Beat Knechtle, Patricia Knechtle, and Thomas Rosemann. 2011. “Analysis of Ultra-Triathlon Performances.” Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine (August):131. doi: 10.2147/oajsm.s22956.
Lepers, Romuald, and Paul J. Stapley. 2010. “Differences in Gender and Performance in Off-Road Triathlon.” Journal of Sports Sciences 28(14):1555–62. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.517545.
Lepers, Romuald, and Paul J. Stapley. 2011. “Age-Related Changes in Conventional Road versus off-Road Triathlon Performance.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 111(8):1687–94. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1805-z.
Meili, Dimirela, Beat Knechtle, Christoph A. Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2013. “Participation and Performance Trends in ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ from 1983 to 2012.” Extreme Physiology and Medicine 2(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-25.
Monterrosa Quintero, Armando, Adrián De la Rosa, Eduardo Báez San-Martin, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Felipe Poblete Valderrama, Edi Setiawan, and Alex Ojeda-Aravena. 2023. “Impact of Social and Physical Factors on Psychological Well-Being under Covid-19 Lockdown in Taekwondo Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Retos 50:464–69. doi: 10.47197/retos.v50.99302.
Muriel, Xabier, Javier Courel-Ibáñez, Victor Cerezuela-Espejo, and Jesús G. Pallarés. 2021. “Training Load and Performance Impairments in Professional Cyclists during COVID-19 Lockdown.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16(5):735–38. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0501.
Nikolaidis, Pantelis T., Elias Villiger, and Beat Knechtle. 2018. “Participation and Performance Trends in the ITU Duathlon World Championship from 2003 to 2017.” Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 00(00):1–7.
Nikolaidis, Pantelis, Elias Villiger, Rodrigo Vancini, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. 2018. “The Effect of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing in Duathlon.” Sports 6(4):152. doi: 10.3390/sports6040152.
Patel, Tejal Sarika, Alex McGregor, Sean P. Cumming, Karen Williams, and Sean Williams. 2022. “Return to Competitive Gymnastics Training in the UK Following the First COVID-19 National Lockdown.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 32(1):191–201. doi: 10.1111/sms.14063.
Poczta, Joanna, Nuno Almeida, Małgorzata Paczyńska-Jędrycka, and Ewa Kruszyńska. 2022. “The Impact of COVID-19 Incidence on Motivation to Participate in a Triathlon.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(9). doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095576.
Quagliarotti, Claudio, Daniele Gaiola, Luca Bianchini, Veronica Vleck, and Maria Francesca Piacentini. 2022. “How to Form a Successful Team for the Novel Olympic Triathlon Discipline: The Mixed-Team-Relay.” Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7(2). doi: 10.3390/jfmk7020046.
Radzimiński, Łukasz, Miguel Lorenzo-Martinez, Marek Konefał, Paweł Chmura, Marcin Andrzejewski, Zbigniew Jastrzębski, and Alexis Padrón-Cabo. 2022. “Changes of Physical Match Performance after the COVID-19 Lockdown in Professional Soccer Players According to Their Playing Position.” Biology of Sport 40(4):1087–94. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.114281.
Robinson, James N., Mark Alan Fontana, Jordan D. Metzl, Sameer Dixit, Stephanie A. Kliethermes, Brianna Quijano, and Brett Toresdahl. 2021. “Running Races during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A 2020 Survey of the Running Community.” BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine 7(4):1–5. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001192.
Rüst, Christoph A., Beat Knechtle, Patrizia Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. 2012. “Participation and Performance Trends in Triple Iron Ultra-Triathlon – a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data Analysis.” Extreme Physiology and Medicine 3(3). doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-1-15.
Rüst, Christoph A., Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers, and Beat Knechtle. 2014. “Changes in Transition Times in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ between 1998 and 2013.” BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 6(1):1–12. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-37.
Rüst, Christoph Alexander, Beat Knechtle, Patrizia Knechtle, Susanne Pfeifer, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers, and Oliver Senn. 2013. “Gender Difference and Age-Related Changes in Performance at the Long-Distance Duathlon.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27(2):293–301.
Rüst, Christoph Alexander, Romuald Lepers, Michael Stiefel, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. 2013. “Performance in Olympic Triathlon: Changes in Performance of Elite Female and Male Triathletes in the ITU World Triathlon Series from 2009 to 2012.” SpringerPlus 2(1):1–7. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-685.
Segui-Urbaneja, Jordi, Rui Pedro Julião, Ricardo Manuel Nogueira Mendes, Víctor Dorado, and Estela I. Farías-Torbidoni. 2021. “Impacto de La COVID-19 En La Práctica Deportiva de Personas Participantes En Eventos Deportivos de Carrera a Pie y Ciclismo En España y Portugal.” Retos 2041(39):743–49. doi: 10.47197/retos.v0i39.82564.
Shaw, Keely A., Leandy Bertrand, Dalton Deprez, Jongbum Ko, Gordon A. Zello, and Philip D. Chilibeck. 2021. “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Diet, Fitness, and Sedentary Behaviour of Elite Para-Athletes.” Disability and Health Journal 14(3):101091. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101091.
Sigg, Katrin, Beat Knechtle, Christoph A. Rüst, Patrizia Knechtle, Romuald Lepers, and Thomas Rosemann. 2013. “Sex Difference in Double Iron Ultra-Triathlon Performance.” Extreme Physiology and Medicine 2(1). doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-12.
Strock, Gregory A., Erika R. Cottrell, and James M. Lohman. 2006. “Triathlon.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 17(3):553–64. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2006.05.010.
Villodres, Gracia Cristina, Federico Salvador-Pérez, and José Joaquín Muros. 2023. “Hábitos Saludables En Niños. Antes, Durante y Después Del Confinamiento Por COVID-19 (Healthy Habits in Children. Before, during and after Confinement Due to COVID-19).” Retos 50:620–27. doi: 10.47197/retos.v50.99913.
Wonerow, Martin, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. 2017. “Performance Trends in Age Group Triathletes in the Olympic Distance Triathlon at the World Championships 2009-2014.” Chinese Journal of Physiology 60(3):137–50. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2017.BAF448.
Zamarripa, Jorge, Sylvia Daniela Marroquín-Zepeda, Oswaldo Ceballos-Gurrola, Gabriel Flores-Allende, and Janeth Berenice García-Gallegos. 2021. “Nivel de Actividad Física y Conductas Sedentarias Antes y Durante El Confinamiento a Causa Del COVID-19 En Adultos Mexicanos (Level of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors before and during Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Mexican Adults).” Retos 42:898–905. doi: 10.47197/retos.v42i0.87278.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess