Efectos de los modelos de entrenamiento polarizado y piramidal con o sin mindfulness, sobre el tiempo de carrera y rendimiento corredores recreativos: Protocolo de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado (Effects of polarized and pyramidal training, with or without mindfulness, on race time and performance in amateur runners: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial)

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106895

Palabras clave:

Español, Distribución de intensidades del entrenamiento, conciencia plena, corredores recreativos, tiempo de carrera, composición corporal, entrenamiento polarizado, entrenamiento pyramidal.

Resumen

Problema: Las carreras de calle en atletismo han aumentado a nivel mundial en los últimos años, lo cual ha llevado a un crecimiento de corredores recreativos (AR). A pesar de este crecimiento, las investigaciones dirigidas a esta población son escasas y con debilidades metodológicas. Un tema de interés reciente en los AR son los efectos de la distribución de intensidades del entrenamiento (TID) y el mindfulness sobre el tiempo de carrera (RT), sin embargo, no hay suficiente evidencia que permita un consenso entre científicos, entrenadores y deportistas. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de cuatro programas de entrenamiento con modelos de TID polarizado y piramidal sobre el RT en 10 km, los umbrales ventilatorios uno y dos, la velocidad aeróbica máxima, el consumo máximo de oxígeno y la composición corporal en AR. Método: Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado de cuatro brazos en paralelo. Los grupos de estudio incluyen dos con modelo de TID polarizado y dos con modelo de TID piramidal, ambos combinados con y sin un programa de mindfulness durante 12 semanas. La práctica de mindfulness consistirá en 65 minutos por semana a través de sesiones individuales y talleres grupales. Discusión: La práctica del atletismo recreativo está en aumento; sin embargo, el efecto de TID y el mindfulness sobre el RT en esta población no ha sido estudiado extensamente.

Palabras claves: Distribución de intensidades del entrenamiento, conciencia plena, corredores recreativos, tiempo de carrera, composición corporal, entrenamiento polarizado, entrenamiento piramidal.

Abstract. Problem: Road races in athletics has increased worldwide in recent years, leading to a growth in amateur runners (AR). Despite this growth, research aimed at this population is scarce and has methodological weaknesses. One topic of recent interest in AR is the effects of training intensity distribution (TID) and mindfulness on race time (RT); however, there is not enough evidence to establish a consensus among scientists, trainers, and athletes. Objective: To compare the effects of four training programs with polarized and pyramidal TID models on 10 km RT, ventilatory thresholds one and two, maximum aerobic speed, maximum oxygen consumption and body composition in AR. Method: A randomized controlled clinical trial with four parallel arms. The study groups include two with a polarized TID model and two with a pyramidal TID model, both combined with and without a mindfulness program over 12 weeks. Mindfulness practice will consist of 65 minutes per week through individual sessions and group workshops. Discussion: The practice of recreational athletics is increasing; however, the effect of TID and mindfulness on RT in this population have not been extensively studied.

Keywords: Training intensity distribution, mindfulness, amateur runners, race time, body composition, polarized training, pyramidal training.

Biografía del autor/a

Víctor Hugo Arboleda Serna , Profesor Vinculado Tiempo Completo Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín-Colombia

Research Group on Physical Activity for Health (AFIS), University Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Antioquia.

Citas

Andersen, J. J. (2019). The State of Running 2019 | RunRepeat. https://runrepeat.com/state-of-running

Bourgois, J. G., Bourgois, G., & Boone, J. (2019). Perspectives and determinants for training-intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(8), 1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0722

Campos, Y., Casado, A., Vieira, J. G., Guimarães, M., Sant’Ana, L., Leitão, L., Da Silva, S. F., Silva Marques De Azevedo, P. H., Vianna, J., & Domínguez, R. (2021). Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- And Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1559-3623

Carnes, A. J., & Mahoney, S. E. (2018). Polarized vs. High Intensity Multimodal Training in Recreational Runners. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Journal: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0040

Casado, A., González-Mohíno, F., González-Ravé, J. M., & Foster, C. (2022). Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(6), 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435

Corbally, L., Wilkinson, M., & Fothergill, M. A. (2020). Effects of mindfulness practice on performance and factors related to performance in long-distance running: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 14(4), 376–398. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034

Cruz-González, J. J., & Arboleda-Serna, V. H. (2022). Training intensity distribution on running time in amateur endurance runners: a scoping review. Revista de Investigación e Innovación En Ciencias de La Salud., 4(2), 1–9. https://riics.info/index.php/RCMC/article/view/136/425

Cruz, J. J., Arboleda, V., & Cruz, M. P. (2024). Mindfulness Running Training program. https://open.spotify.com/show/3v5GwY7geEKIHwcFHnYF9q?si=7JeW-gHJTSOgewAELwkbsA

De Petrillo, L. A., Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Mindfulness for long-distance runners: An open trial using mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE). Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.357

Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., & Lucia, A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 943–949. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-19725.1

Festa, L., Tarperi, C., Skroce, K., La Torre, A., & Schena, F. (2020). Effects of Different Training Intensity Distribution in Recreational Runners. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00070

Filipas, L., Bonato, M., Gallo, G., & Codella, R. (2022). Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 32(3), 498–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14101

Garcia, W. F., Mendes Nunes, R. S., Carreira, C. N., & Aizava Suto, P. V. (2024). Distribution of training loads and periodization in open water swimming: A systematic reviewDistribución de cargas de entrenamiento y periodización en natación en aguas abiertas: una revisión sistemática. Retos, 56, 1–8.

Haugen, T., Sandbakk, Ø., Seiler, S., & Tønnessen, E. (2022). The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. Sports Medicine - Open, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7

Hill, A., Schücker, L., Wiese, M., Hagemann, N., & Strauß, B. (2020). The influence of mindfulness training on running economy and perceived flow under different attentional focus conditions–an intervention study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 564–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1739110

Hydren, J., & Bruce, C. (2015). Current scientific evidence for a polarized cardiovascular endurance training model. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(12). https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001197

Jones, M. I., & Parker, J. K. (2016). A conditional process model of the effect of mindfulness on 800-m personal best times through pain catastrophising. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(12), 1132–1140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1093648

Kenneally, M., Casado, A., Gomez-Ezeiza, J., & Santos-Concejero, J. (2021). Training intensity distribution analysis by race pace vs. physiological approach in world-class middle- and long-distance runners. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(6), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1773934

Kinderman, W., Simon, G., & Keul, J. (1979). The Significance of the Aerobic-anaerobic Transition for the Determination of Work Load Intensities During Endurance Training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 42, 25–34.

López Chicharro, J., & Fernández Vaquero, A. (2006). Fisiología del Ejercicio, López Chicharro-5.pdf.

Lucía, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A., & Chicharro, J. L. (1999). Heart rate response to professional road cycling: The tour de france. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-970284

Ministerio de Salud Colombiano. (1993). RESOLUCIÓN NUMERO 8430 DE 1993.

Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010). & REPORTING CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration : updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c869

Muñoz, I., Seiler, S., Bautista, J., España, J., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0350

Muñoz, I., & Varela-Sanz, A. (2018). Training intensity distribution and performance of a recreational male endurance runner. A case report. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(4), 2257–2263. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.04340

Muñoz Pérez, I. (2016). Métodos de cuantificación de la carga de entrenamiento en deportes de resistencia cíclica. Búsqueda, 3(16), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.166

Navarro, F., & Garcia, J. (1998). Capitulo 5.- metodos de entrenamiento de la resistencia. 106–133.

Oxford, (2021). Sport, Exercise and Perfomance Psychology (E. Filho & I. Basevitch (eds.)).

Pérez, A., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Freitas, T. T., Rubio-Arias, J., Marín-Cascales, E., & Alcaraz, P. E. (2019). Effect of two different intensity distribution training programmes on aerobic and body composition variables in ultra-endurance runners. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(5), 636–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1539124

Rivera, T., Zavala, J., Olivares, J., & Yáñez, R. (2021). Efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento con diferente distribución de intensidad (polarizada vs umbral) en el rendimiento aeróbico en ciclistas entrenados. Retos, 2041(39), 686–690. http://repositorio.udla.cl/xmlui/handle/udla/822

Röhrken, G., Held, S., & Donath, L. (2020). Six Weeks of Polarized Versus Moderate Intensity Distribution: A Pilot Intervention Study. Frontiers in Physiology, 11(November), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.534688

Scheerder, J., Breedveld, K., & Borgers, J. (2015). Running across Europe: The way forward. In Running Across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137446374.0017

Sealed eveloped Ltd. (2021). Simple randomisation service. https://www.sealedenvelope.com/simple-randomiser/v1/lists

Seiler, K. S., & Kjerland, G. Ø. (2006). Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 16(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x

Seiler, S. (2010). What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276

Seiler, S., & Tønnessen, E. (2009). Intervals , Thresholds , and Long Slow Distance : the Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training. Training, 13(13), 32–53. http://sportsci.org/2009/ss.htm

Sellés Pérez, S., Fernández-Sáez, J., & Cejuela, R. (2019). Polarized and pyramidal training intensity distribution: Relationship with a half-ironman distance triathlon competition. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 18(4), 708–715.

Skinner, J. S., & McLellan, T. H. (1980). The Transition from Aerobic to Anaerobic Metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51(1), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1980.10609285

Slade, S. C., Dionne, C. E., Underwood, M., & Buchbinder, R. (2016). Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT): Explanation and Elaboration Statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(23), 1428–1437. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096651

Stöggl, T. L., & Sperlich, B. (2015). The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 6(OCT), 295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00295

Stöggl, T., & Sperlich, B. (2014). Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training. Frontiers in Physiology, 5 FEB(February), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00033

Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., De Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99

Treff, G., Winkert, K., Sareban, M., Steinacker, J. M., & Sperlich, B. (2019). The polarization-index: A simple calculation to distinguish polarized from non-polarized training intensity distributions. Frontiers in Physiology, 10(JUN), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00707

Uthurralt, R. (2022). ¿Quiénes, Dónde Y Por Qué Corremos? Un Análisis Del Running En Argentina Desde Un Estudio Cuantitativo. https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/14388/1/quienes-donde-por-que-corremos.pdf

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34

Winkert, K., Kamnig, R., Kirsten, J., Steinacker, J. M., & Treff, G. (2020). Inter- And intra-unit reliability of the COSMED K5: Implications for multicentric and longitudinal testing. PLoS ONE, 15(10 October 2020), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241079

Winkert, K., Kirsten, J., Dreyhaupt, J., Steinacker, J. M., & Treff, G. (2020). The COSMEd K5 in breath-by-breath and mixing chamber mode at low to high intensities. In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Vol. 52, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002241

World Athletics. (2022). Reglamento de competición y técnico World Athletics 2022.

World Medical Asociation (AMM). (2013). Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM - Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. World Medical Association, Inc, 1–8. http://www.wma.net/es/30publications/10policies/b3/

Zinner, C., Schäfer Olstad, D., & Sperlich, B. (2018). Mesocycles with different training intensity distribution in recreational runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(8), 1641–1648. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001599

Descargas

Publicado

2024-10-02

Cómo citar

Arboleda-Serna, V. H., Cruz-González, J. J. ., Castillo Daza, C. A. ., & Cardozo, L. A. . (2024). Efectos de los modelos de entrenamiento polarizado y piramidal con o sin mindfulness, sobre el tiempo de carrera y rendimiento corredores recreativos: Protocolo de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado (Effects of polarized and pyramidal training, with or without mindfulness, on race time and performance in amateur runners: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial). Retos, 60, 1271–1278. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106895

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: trabajos de investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas