Validez y confiabilidad de la evaluación de la competencia motora como instrumento que mide las habilidades motoras fundamentales para niños de 12 años en Indonesia (Validity and reliability of motor competence assessment as an instrument measuring fundamental motor skills for 12-year-olds in Indonesia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106612Palabras clave:
physical education, motor skill, elementary school, assessmentResumen
La investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) para niños de 12 años. La prueba de validez y confiabilidad proporciona un marco integral para medir objetivamente la competencia motriz e identificar áreas de intervención para mejorar el desarrollo de las habilidades motoras. El estudio incluyó a 321 participantes (156 hombres y 165 mujeres) de diversos entornos de escuelas primarias en Indonesia. La evaluación de la competencia motora incluyó seis componentes de prueba, cada uno de los cuales se llevó a cabo con dos pruebas. La validez se evaluó mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y la confiabilidad se evaluó mediante el alfa de Cronbach, y los datos brutos se convirtieron a una escala EFA. Los resultados de las pruebas Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) y Bartlett y la medición de adecuación del museo (MSA) son adecuados para ejecutar EFA porque arrojan más de 0,50. Los estándares para cada ítem se cumplen en la prueba de Comunidades para mostrar una extracción de >0,50 para cada ítem. El instrumento MCA demostró ser válido porque cada elemento de prueba (variable) está firmemente unido a un instrumento. Las pruebas de confiabilidad, utilizando el Alfa de Cronbach, muestran que los instrumentos MCA son confiables y utilizables. El instrumento de Evaluación de la Competencia Motora (MCA) demuestra validez y confiabilidad en la medición de las habilidades motoras. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) identifica los componentes principales: habilidades locomotoras y habilidades motoras de manipulación y estabilidad. El alfa de Cronbach confirma aún más la fiabilidad del MCA. Su eficacia en diferentes contextos, incluida la educación física y la rehabilitación, respalda intervenciones específicas. Comprender el desarrollo de las habilidades motoras con MCA mejora los enfoques personalizados para las personas, promoviendo una mejor salud y rendimiento físico.
Palabras clave: educación física, motricidad, educación primaria, evaluación.
Abstract. The research aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) instrument for 12-year-olds. The validity and reliability test provides a comprehensive framework for objectively measuring motor competence and identifying areas for intervention to enhance motor skill development. The study included 321 participants (156 male and 165 fe-male) from diverse Indonesian elementary school backgrounds. Motor competence assessment involved six test components, each conducted with two trials. Validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability was assessed via Cronbach's alpha, with raw data converted to a scale for EFA. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) & Bartlett Test results and the Sampling Ade-quacy (MSA) measure are suitable for running EFA because they show more than 0.50. The standards for each item were met in the Communalities test by showing an extraction of >0.50 for each item. The MCA instrument proved valid because each test item (variable) firmly attaches to one instrument. Reliability tests, using Cronbach's Alpha, show that MCA instruments are reliable and usable. The Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) instrument demonstrates validity and reliability in measuring motor skills. Ex-ploratory factor analysis (EFA) identifies two main components: locomotor skills and stability and manipulative motor skills. Cronbach's alpha further confirms MCA's reliability. Its effectiveness in various contexts, including physical education and rehabilitation, supports targeted interventions. Understanding motor skill development with MCA enhances tailored approaches for individu-als, promoting physical well-being and performance.
Keywords: physical education, motor skill, elementary school, assessment.
Citas
Abdelkarim, O., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Wagner, M., Knisel, E., Hökelmann, A., & Bös, K. (2017). Relation-ship between motor and cognitive learning abilities among primary school-aged children. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2016.12.004
Abelairas-Gómez, C., Carballo-Fazanes, A., Rodríguez-Fernández, J. E., Mohedano-Vázquez, N., & Rodríguez-Núñez, A. (2022). Competencia motriz y condición física relacionada con la salud en escolares de Educación Primaria. Retos, 46, 218–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93906
Alim, A., Rismayanthi, C., Yulianto, W. D., Kauki, K. M., Shahril, M. I., Permadi, A. A., Pratama, K. W., & Ali, S. K. S. (2024). Content validity and reliability of agility test in wheelchair tennis. Retos, 55, 665–671. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.101929
Balcázar, A., Carballo, N. G., Jaimes, D. A., & Fernando Balcázar, A. (2024). La educación física, el currículo y las expresiones motrices Physical education, the curriculum and motor expressions. Retos, 55, 650–658. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/index
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S., Burns, C., & Bardid, F. (2021a). Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. In Journal of Sports Sciences (Vol. 39, Issue 7, pp. 717–753). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S., Burns, C., & Bardid, F. (2021b). Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. In Journal of Sports Sciences (Vol. 39, Issue 7, pp. 717–753). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405
Bremer, E., & Cairney, J. (2018). Fundamental Movement Skills and Health-Related Outcomes: A Narrative Re-view of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies Targeting Typically Developing Children. In American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 148–159). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827616640196
Bukvić, Z., Ćirović, D., & Nikolić, D. (2021). The importance of physical activity for the development of motor skills of younger school age children. Medicinski Podmladak, 72(2), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.5937/mp72-31878
Cancer, A., Minoliti, R., Crepaldi, M., & Antonietti, A. (2020). Identifying developmental motor difficulties: A review of tests to assess motor coordination in children. In Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (Vol. 5, Issue 1). MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5010016
Canli, U., Kurt, C., & Prieto-González, P. (2024). Exploring the Relationship Between Motor Competence and Physical Performance in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Retos, 55, 635–641. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/view/104197/77356
Chen, W., Mason, S., Hammond-Bennett, A., & Zalmout, S. (2016). Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitness in elementary school students. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.03.007
Cristian, Oñate-Navarrete, J., Batalla-Flores, A., Del Carmen Páez-Herrera, J., & Oñate-Navarrete, C. J. (2023). Valoración a las habilidades motrices otorgada por el profesorado de Educación Física Chileno para el correcto desempeño de los estudiantes que inician la Enseñanza Secundaria Chilena. Retos, 49, 427–434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.94319
De Roubaix, A., Van de Velde, D., Roeyers, H., & Van Waelvelde, H. (2021). Standardized motor assessments before the age of five predicting school-aged motor outcome including DCD: A systematic review. In European Journal of Paediatric Neurology (Vol. 30, pp. 29–57). W.B. Saunders Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.12.003
Deliagina, T. G., Musienko, P. E., & Zelenin, P. V. (2019). Nervous mechanisms of locomotion in different direc-tions. In Current Opinion in Physiology (Vol. 8, pp. 7–13). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2018.11.010
Diedrichsen, J., & Kornysheva, K. (2015). Motor skill learning between selection and execution. In Trends in Cog-nitive Sciences (Vol. 19, Issue 4, pp. 227–233). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.003
Duncan, M. J., Roscoe, C. M. P., Noon, M., Clark, C. C. T., O’Brien, W., & Eyre, E. L. J. (2020). Run, jump, throw and catch: How proficient are children attending English schools at the fundamental motor skills identi-fied as key within the school curriculum? European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 814–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19888953
Gao, Z., Wen, X., Fu, Y., Lee, J. E., & Zeng, N. (2021). Motor Skill Competence Matters in Promoting Physical Activity and Health. In BioMed Research International (Vol. 2021). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9786368
Grošelj, J., Osredkar, D., Sember, V., & Pajek, M. (2019). Association between balance and other fundamental. Medicina Dello Sport, 72(2), 200–215.
Han, X., Zhao, M., Kong, Z., & Xie, J. (2022). Association between fundamental motor skills and executive func-tion in preschool children: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.978994
Herrmann, C., Gerlach, E., & Seelig, H. (2015). Development and Validation of a Test Instrument for the As-sessment of Basic Motor Competencies in Primary School. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 19(2), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2014.998821
Hill, P. J., Mcnarry, M. A., Mackintosh, K. A., Murray, M. A., Pesce, C., Valentini, N. C., Getchell, N., Tomporowski, P. D., Robinson, L. E., & Barnett, L. M. (2024). The Influence of Motor Competence on Broader Aspects of Health: A Systematic Review of the Longitudinal Associations Between Motor Competence and Cognitive and Social-Emotional Outcomes. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 54, Issue 2, pp. 375–427). Springer Sci-ence and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01939-5
Hulteen, R. M., Barnett, L. M., True, L., Lander, N. J., del Pozo Cruz, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2020a). Validity and reliability evidence for motor competence assessments in children and adolescents: A systematic review. In Journal of Sports Sciences (pp. 1717–1798). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1756674
Hulteen, R. M., Barnett, L. M., True, L., Lander, N. J., del Pozo Cruz, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2020b). Validity and reliability evidence for motor competence assessments in children and adolescents: A systematic review. In Journal of Sports Sciences (pp. 1717–1798). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1756674
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Founda-tional Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Hyungmin, P., & Simons, J. (2012). Basic and perceptual movement skills The relation between basic movement skills and perceptual-motor skills in 5 to 7 years old children. European Psychomotricity Journal, 4, 57–65.
Jones, D., Innerd, A., Giles, E. L., & Azevedo, L. B. (2020). Association between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in the early years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Journal of Sport and Health Science (Vol. 9, Issue 6, pp. 542–552). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.001
Jovanović, S., Marković, S., & Ilić, N. (2020). Relationships of Motor Abilities and Precision of Shooting in Hand-ball. Спортске Науке и Здравље - АПЕИРОН, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.7251/ssh2001060j
Kennedy, J., Brown, T., & Chien, C. W. (2012). Motor Skill assessment of children: Is there an association be-tween performance-based, child-report, and parent-report measures of children’s motor skills? In Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics (Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 196–209). https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2011.631101
Komaini, A., Hidayat, H., Ganefri, Alnedra, Kiram, Y., Gusril, & Mario, D. T. (2021). Motor Learning Measuring Tools: A Design And Implementation Using Sensor Technology For Preschool Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 15(17), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i17.25321
Komari, A., Setyawan, H., Setyo Kriswanto, E., Vicente García-Jiménez, J., Pavlovic, R., Magdalena Nowak, A., Susanto, N., Wibowo Kurniawan, A., Aziz Purnomo Shidiq, A., & Malikul Ikhwanda Putra, A. (2024). The Ef-fect of Physical Education (PE) Class Management Using Badminton Materials to Improve Elementary School (ES) Students’ Concentration El Efecto de la Gestión de la Clase de Educación Física (EF) Utilizando Materiales de Bádminton Para Mejorar la Concentración de los Estudiantes de la Escuela Primaria (ES). Retos, 55, 520–526. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/index
Krakauer, J. W., Hadjiosif, A. M., Xu, J., Wong, A. L., & Haith, A. M. (2019). Motor learning. Comprehensive Physiology, 9(2), 613–663. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c170043
Li, B., Liu, J., & Ying, B. (2022). Physical education interventions improve the fundamental movement skills in kindergarten: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Science and Technology (Brazil), 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.46721
Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Wilson, A. E., & Lucas, W. A. (2012). Getting the fundamentals of movement: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children. In Child: Care, Health and Development (Vol. 38, Issue 3, pp. 305–315). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01307.x
Logan, S. W., Ross, S. M., Chee, K., Stodden, D. F., & Robinson, L. E. (2018). Fundamental motor skills: A sys-tematic review of terminology. In Journal of Sports Sciences (Vol. 36, Issue 7, pp. 781–796). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1340660
Lopes, V. P., Saraiva, L., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2018). Reliability and construct validity of the test of gross motor development-2 in Portuguese children. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1226923
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental Movement Skills in Children and Adolescents Review of Associated Health Benefits. Sports Med, 40(12), 1019–1035.
Luz, C., Rodrigues, L. P., Almeida, G., & Cordovil, R. (2016). Development and validation of a model of motor competence in children and adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(7), 568–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.07.005
Machts, N., Kaiser, J., Schmidt, F. T. C., & Möller, J. (2016). Accuracy of teachers’ judgments of students’ cogni-tive abilities: A meta-analysis. In Educational Research Review (Vol. 19, pp. 85–103). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.06.003
Makaruk, H., Porter, J. M., Webster, E. K., Makaruk, B., Bodasińska, A., Zieliński, J., Tomaszewski, P., Nogal, M., Szyszka, P., Starzak, M., Śliwa, M., Banaś, M., Biegajło, M., Chaliburda, A., Gierczuk, D., Suchecki, B., Molik, B., & Sadowski, J. (2023). The fus test: a promising tool for evaluating fundamental motor skills in chil-dren and adolescents. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16843-w
Mardiyah, S. U. K., Setyawan, H., García-Jiménez, J. V., Eken, Ö., Latino, F., Pramoto, N. W., Darmawan, A., Shidiq, A. A. P., Rahmatullah, M. I., Tafuri, F., & Anam, K. (2024). Differences in the Implementation of Physical Education (PE) Learning Management Based on Years of Work: Analysis of Differences in the Quality of Quality Assurance Culture. Retos, 55, 797–803. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/view/104865/77970
Radanović, D., Ðorđević, D., Stanković, M., Pekas, D., Bogataj, Š., & Trajkovic, N. (2021). Test of motor profi-ciency second edition (Bot-2) short form: A systematic review of studies conducted in healthy children. In Chil-dren (Vol. 8, Issue 9). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/CHILDREN8090787
Rodrigues, L. P., Cordovil, R., Luz, C., & Lopes, V. P. (2021). Model invariance of the Motor Competence As-sessment (MCA) from early childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(20), 2353–2360. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1932290
Rodrigues, L. P., Luz, C., Cordovil, R., Bezerra, P., Silva, B., Camões, M., & Lima, R. (2019). Normative values of the motor competence assessment (MCA) from 3 to 23 years of age. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(9), 1038–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.009
Rudd, J. R., Barnett, L. M., Butson, M. L., Farrow, D., Berry, J., & Polman, R. C. J. (2015). Fundamental movement skills are more than run, throw and catch: The role of stability skills. PLoS ONE, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140224
Samodra, Y. T. J., Yosika, G. F., Gustian, U., Mashud, M., Arifin, S., Suryadi, D., Wati, I. D. P., Syam, A., Can-dra, A. R. D., Wati, M. G., & Candra, A. T. (2024). Are boys and girls in rural areas equal in terms of gross motor skills? Retos, 54, 94–99. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/view/103005/76623
Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C., & Bund, A. (2019). Motor tests for primary school aged children: A systematic re-view. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(10), 1097–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1544535
Šeflová, I., Vašíčkova, J., Kalfiřt, L., & Suchomel, A. (2022). Current Approaches to Motor Competence Assess-ment in School-Age Children. Physical Activity Review, 10(2), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2022.10.20
Simone, L., Viganò, L., Fornia, L., Howells, H., Leonetti, A., Puglisi, G., Bellacicca, A., Bello, L., & Cerri, G. (2021). Distinct functional and structural connectivity of the human hand-knob supported by intraoperative findings. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(19), 4223–4233. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1574-20.2021
Sutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., & Karakauki, M. (2021a). Improving motor skills in early childhood through goal-oriented play activity. Children, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110994
Sutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., & Karakauki, M. (2021b). Improving motor skills in early childhood through goal-oriented play activity. Children, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110994
Taufik, T., Winarno, M. E., Hariadi, I., Yudasmara, D. S., & Fadhli, N. R. (2024). Exploring the validity and reli-ability of Active Motor Card: A Comprehensive Assessment of Gross Motor Development and Physical Fitness in Children Aged 6-9 Years. Retos, 54, 100–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102813
Tsuda, E., Goodway, J. D., Famelia, R., & Brian, A. (2020). Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Com-petence, Perceived Physical Competence and Free-Play Physical Activity in Children. Research Quarterly for Exer-cise and Sport, 91(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1646851
Valdivia-Moral, P., Fernández-Revelles, A. B., Muros-Molina, J. J., & Chacón-Cuberos, R. (2018). Effectiveness indices evaluating time in physical education: Example in Motor Games. Supplementary Issue: Spring Conferences of Sports Science, 529–540. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.proc2.36
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
