Participación parental en intervenciones familiares para prevenir drogodependencias: una revisión empírica

Jorge Negreiros

doi:10.7179/PSRI_2013.21.03

Autores/as

Jorge Negreiros Universidade de Oporto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2013.21.03

Palabras clave:

Prevención de consumo de drogodependencias, intervención familiar, factores de pronóstico, participación parental.

Resumen

El uso y el abuso de drogas son muy habituales en la adolescencia. Los padres desempeñan un importante papel en el consumo de drogas, tanto incitando a su consumo como fomentando la protección y la resiliencia. Las intervenciones familiares han demostrado ser un enfoque beneficioso en la prevención del consumo adolescente y otras conductas problemáticas de la adolescencia. No obstante, los bajos índices de participación representan una importante amenaza a la validez de las intervenciones familiares preventivas. Desde hace tiempo se viene reconociendo que uno de los principales problemas para la realización de intervenciones familiares es la captación, retención y participación de los progenitores. Aparte de esto, se ha visto que una mayor participación de los padres en las formaciones de prevención para progenitores está asociada a un efecto duradero sobre la conducta adolescente. Identificar específicamente lo que determina que la familia se implique y participe en los programas de prevención familiares es de máxima importancia, puesto que la implicación de los padres puede ser un factor de pronóstico de la eficacia del programa. Últimamente se ha prestado más atención a entender de qué manera los factores individuales, contextuales y de intervención pueden predecir la participación parental en las intervenciones familiares de prevención de drogodependencias. Los estudios sobre los factores de pronóstico de participación son útiles para identificar a aquellos individuos que hallan en mayor riesgo de abandonar. En este trabajo ofrecemos un repaso de la evolución más reciente de los diversos factores de pronóstico de la participación familiar en programas preventivos de consumo de drogas y otros problemas. A partir de los determinantes específicos y dinámicos de la participación que se estudian en este trabajo, al final proponemos un marco teórico de la participación familiar que presenta cuatro componentes básicos: (1) patrones de interacción familiar; (2) conocimiento y percepciones de los padres sobre los problemas conductuales de los hijos; (3) variables psicológicas de los hijos; y (4) percepciones de los padres sobre la intervención preventiva.

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