Efectos de un programa de ejercicios sobre la autonomía, la independencia y la forma física de las per-sonas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo - Un estudio piloto (Effects of an exercise programme on the autonomy, independence and physical fitness of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities – A Pilot Study)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.102003Palabras clave:
discapacidad intelectual; actividades de la vida diaria; funcionalidad; capacidades físicas; ejercicio físico.Resumen
La literatura destaca claramente la relación entre los niveles de autonomía e independencia de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DI) y sus niveles de condición física. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre los niveles de autonomía, funcionalidad en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y forma física de personas con DID. 17 participantes completaron la intervención de 9 semanas de duración, en la que se evaluaron parámetros como los datos antropométricos (altura, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y masa muscular (MM), la funcionalidad en las AVD (WHODAS 2.0) y los datos relativos a la forma física (test de agarre de manos, Sit and Stand y timed up and go) antes y después de la intervención. Se encontraron mejoras significativas tras el programa de intervención de ejercicio físico en las variables de funcionalidad (autoinformes: t=-2,19; p=0,03; η2=0,282 e informes de apoderados: t=-2,64; p=0,01; η2=0,410) y composición corporal (IMC: t=-2,08; p=0,05; η2=0,254 y masa muscular; t=-1,94; p=0,05; η2=0,221), pero no en las de forma física. El programa de intervención parece haber contribuido positivamente a mejorar la percepción de autonomía en las AVD y la composición corporal.
Palabras clave: discapacidad intelectual; actividades de la vida diaria; funcionalidad; capacidades físicas; ejercicio físico.
Abstract. The literature clearly highlights the relationship between the levels of autonomy and independence of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their levels of physical fitness. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a physical exercise program on the levels of autonomy, functionality in activities of daily living (ADL), and physical fitness of people with IDD. 17 participants completed the 9-week intervention, where parameters such as anthropometric data (height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and muscular mass (MM)), functionality in ADL (WHODAS 2.0) and data regarding physical fitness (handgrip test, Sit and Stand and timed up and go) before and after the intervention were evaluated. Significant improvements were found after the physical exercise intervention program in the functionality (self-reports: t=-2.19; p=0.03; η2=0,282 and proxy reports: t=-2.64; p=0.01; η2=0,410) and body composition variables (BMI: t=-2.08; p=0.05; η2=0,254 and muscle mass; t=-1.94; p=0.05; η2=0,221), but not in the physical fitness variables. The intervention program seems to have contributed positively to improving the perception of autonomy in ADLs and body composition.
Keywords: intellectual disability; activities of daily living; functionality; physical capacities; physical exercise.
Citas
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