Trail Running, Cross-Country and Orienteering Injuries: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.99532Keywords:
Injuries, trail runners, competition, prevalence, incidenceAbstract
The objective of the study was to identify the most frequent injuries among trail running runners, comparing them with injuries in cross-country and orienteering runners, analyzing the prevalence and incidence of injuries in both profiles of athletes. A systematic review was conducted considering Web of Science, Medline, Scopus and Sport Discuss databases, following the PRISMA statement and the PICOS strategy. A total of 3160 articles were obtained; 19 were selected. The risk of bias was analysed using the JBI quality scale and the CEBM scientific evidence scale. The results reveal that trail runners reported a higher percentage of ankle injuries (49.5%) in terms of anatomical location and tendinopathies (29.8%) in terms of diagnosis. On the other hand, cross-country and orienteering runners showed a higher percentage of knee injuries (14.6%) in terms of anatomical location, as well as inflammatory conditions and pain (20.2% in men and 33, 6% in women in cross-country; 75.41% in orienteering runners) according to the diagnosis. Regarding the incidence, in trail running, the rates oscillate between 1.6 and 187.9 per 1000 hours of running, while in cross-country they are lower, varying between 3.96 and 17 per every 1000 exposures.
Keywords: Injuries, runners, trail running, cross-country, orientation.
References
Babí, J., Soler, S., Inglés, E., & Labrador, V. (2021). Historia y proceso de ordenación de las carreras en la montaña en España. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 17(64), 140-159. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2021.06403
Basantes, O. P., & Sotomayor Mosquera, P. R. (2020). Efectos del trail running en la resistencia aerobia de atletas inexpertos del Club A2 Aventura. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 25(266), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v25i266.2337
CEBM. (2009). Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (CEBM). Centre for Evidence Based Medicine – Levels of Evidence. https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence- based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2009). Systematic Reviews: CRD Guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/pdf/Systematic_Reviews.pdf.
Chandran, A., Morris, S. N., Boltz, A. J., Robison, H. J., & Collins, C. L. (2021a). Epidemiology of Injuries in Nation-al Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Cross-Country: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019. Journal of Athletic Train-ing, 56(7), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-394-20
Chandran, A., Morris, S. N., Boltz, A. J., Robison, H. J., & Collins, C. L. (2021b). Epidemiology of Injuries in Na-tional Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Cross-Country: 2014– 2015 Through 2018–2019. Journal of Ath-letic Training, 56(7), 622-628. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-395-20
Daoud, A. I., Geissler, G. J., Wang, F., Saretsky, J., Daoud, Y. A., & Lieberman, D. E. (2012). Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: a retrospective study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(7), 1325-1334. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182465115
Gajardo, R., Monrroy-Uarac, M., Barría-Pailaquilén, R. M., Norambuena-Noches, Y., Van Rensburg, D. C., Bascour-Sandoval, C., & Besomi, M. (2021). Frequency of injury and illness in the final 4 weeks before a trail running com-petition. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(10), 5431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105431
González-Lázaro, J., Arribas-Cubero, H. F., & Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A. (2021). Musculoskeletal injuries in moun-tain running races: A 5 seasons study. Injury, 52(4), 747-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.10.045
Graham, S. M., McKinley, M., Chris, C. C., Westbury, T., Baker, J. S., Kilgore, L., & Florida- James, G. (2012). Injury occurrence and mood states during a desert ultramarathon. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 22(6), 462-466. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182694734
Hespanhol, L. C., Van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. (2017). Health and economic burden of running-related inju-ries in dutch trailrunners: a prospective cohort study. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0551-8
Hoffman, M. D., & Wegelin, J. A. (2009). The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run: participation and perfor-mance trends. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(12), 2191–2198. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8d553
Hoffman, M. D., Ong, J. C., & Wang, G. (2010). Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America. The International journal of the history of sport, 27(11), 1877-1891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.494385
Hsu, C. L., Yang, C. H., Wang, J. H., & Liang, C. C. (2020). Common running musculoskeletal injuries and associat-ed factors among recreational gorge marathon runners: An investigation from 2013 to 2018 Taroko Gorge mara-thons. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 8101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218101
ITRA. (2021). ITRA: International Trail Running Association. Discover Trail-Running. https://itra.run/About/DiscoverTrailRunning
Kerr, Z. Y., Kroshus, E., Grant, J., Parsons, J. T., Folger, D., Hayden, R., & Dompier, T. P. (2016). Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's cross- country injuries, 2009–2010 through 2013–2014. Journal of athletic training, 51(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.1.10
Krabak, B. J., Waite, B., & Schiff, M. A. (2011). Study of injury and illness rates in multiday ultramarathon runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(12), 2314-2320. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318221bfe3
Llopis-Goig, L., & Vilanova, A. (2015). A Sociological Analysis of the Evolution and Characteristics of Running. Running Across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets. Palgrave Macmillan.
Marshall, A. N., Valovich McLeod, T. C., & Lam, K. C. (2020). Characteristics of injuries occurring during cross-country: a report from the athletic training practice-based research network. Journal of athletic training, 55(12), 1230-1238. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-541-19
Mocanu, P. (2015). Risks and benefits in practicing trail running. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics, 8(2), 65-80.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA, Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for system-atic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moola, S., Munn, Z., Tufanaru, C., Aromataris, E., Sears, K., Sfetcu, R., & Mu, P. F. (2020). Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In M. Z. Aromataris E, JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis.
Munn, Z., Moola, S., Lisy, K., Riitano, D., & Tufanaru, C. (2015). Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data. International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare, 13(3), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054
Osorio, J., Clavijo; M., Arango, E., Patiño, S., & Gallego, I. (2007). Lesiones deportivas. Iatreia, 20(2), 167-177.
Puigarnau, S., Rosselló, L., Foguet, O. C., & Balcells, M. C. (2021). Creación y Validación del Instrumento «AECM» Análisis de la Estrategia en Carreras por Montaña. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (39), 177-181. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.72111
Rauh, M. J. (2014). Summer training factors and risk of musculoskeletal injury among high school cross-country run-ners. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 44(10), 793-804. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.5378
Rauh, M. J., Koepsell, T. D., Rivara, F. P., Margherita, A. J., & Rice, S. G. (2006). Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among high school cross-country runners. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(2), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj022
RFEA. (2021). RFEA: Real Federación Española de Atletismo. Trail running. Reglamento de Trail Running. https://www.rfea.es/normas/pdf/reglamento2021/05_ReglamentoTrailRunning.pdf
Roos, L., Taube, W., Zuest, P., Clénin, G., & Wyss, T. (2015). Musculoskeletal Injuries and Training Patterns in Junior Elite Orienteering Athletes. Biomed Research International, 259531-259531. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/259531
Sánchez-García, L. F., Penichet-Tomas, A., Pueo, B., & Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M. (2022). Injury Incidence and Pattern in Elite Young Male and Female Trail Runners. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1155. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/259531
Seguí, J., Inglés, E., Labrador, V., & Farías, E. (2016). Carreras (de o por) montaña o trail running. El reconocimiento de la modalidad deportiva. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (30) 162-167. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.39868
Sousa, M. M., Navas, P. Z., Laborde, M. M., Alfaro, J. J., & Carrascosa, P. U. (2012). Niveles de evidencia clínica y grados de recomendación. Revista de la Sociedad Andaluza de Traumatología y Ortopedia, 29(1), 59-72.
Urbaneja, J. S., & Farias, E. I. (2018). El trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España. Inicios, evolución y (actual) estado de la situación. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (33), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.56462
Van der Worp, M. P., Ten Haaf, D. S., Van Cingel, R., de Wijer, A., Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. W., & Staal, J. B. (2015). Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PloS one, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114937
Van Gent, R. N., Siem, D., Van Middelkoop, M., Van Os, A. G., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., & Koes, B. W. (2007). Inci-dence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 41(8), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033548
Van Poppel, D., Van der Worp, M., Slabbekoorn, A., Van den Heuvel, S. S., Van Middelkoop, M., Koes, B. W., Verhagen, A. P., & Scholten-Peeters, G. G. (2021). Risk factors for overuse injuries in short-and long-distance run-ning: a systematic review. Journal of sport and health science, 10(1), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.006
Vernillo, G., Savoldelli, A., La Torre, A., Skafidas, S., Bortolan, L., & Schena, F. (2016). Injury and illness rates dur-ing ultratrail running. International journal of sports medicine, 37(07), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1569347
Viljoen, C. T., Janse Van Rensburg, D. C., Verhagen, E., Van Mechelen, W., Korkie, E., & Botha, T. (2021a). Epidemi-ology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for running-related injuries among South African trail runners. Interna-tional journal of environmental research and public health, 18(23), 12620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312620
Viljoen, C. T., Van Rensburg, D. C., Van Rensburg, A. J., Booysen, E., Chauke, S., Coetzee, P., Hurlimann, A., Jooste, M., Nibe, Y., Schulenburg C., Korkie. E., Ramagole, D., Grant, C., & Cronje, T. (2021b). One in four trail running race entrants sustained an injury in the 12 months training preceding the 2019 SkyRun race. Physical Thera-py in Sport, 47, 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.11.029
Viljoen, C. T., Van Rensburg, D. C., Verhagen, E., Van Mechelen, W., Tomás, R., Schoeman, M., Scheepers, S., & Korkie, E. (2021c). Epidemiology of injury and illness among trail runners: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 51(5), 917-943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01418-1
Vincent, H. K., Brownstein, M., & Vincent, K. R. (2022). Injury prevention, safe training techniques, rehabilitation, and return to sport in trail runners. Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation, 4(1), e151-e162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.032
Walther, M., Reuter, I., Leonhard, T., & Engelhardt, M. (2005). Injuries and overuse reactions in running. Der Ortho-pade, 34, 399-404.
Wu, A. C., Rauh, M. J., DeLuca, S., Lewis, M., Ackerman, K. E., Barrack, M. T., Heiderscheit, B., Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., & Tenforde, A. S. (2021). Running-related injuries in middle school cross-country runners: Prev-alence and characteristics of common injuries. PM&R, 14(7), 793-780. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12649
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
