El Aprendizaje Cooperativo: Modelo Pedagógico para Educación Física (Cooperative learning: Pedagogical Model for Physical Education)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i29.38721Keywords:
Hibridación, pedagogía, enseñanza, aprendizaje, modelos (Hybridization, pedagogy, teaching, learning, models)Abstract
La cooperación ha formado parte del ideario de todas las leyes educativas de los últimos 25 años y la respuesta habitual de la mayoría de los docentes ha sido la inclusión de simples juegos cooperativos en jornadas u ocasiones puntuales. La tendencia actual en educación física es la denominada Práctica basada en Modelos, uno de los cuales es el Aprendizaje Cooperativo. Más aún, este ha pasado de ser un modelo de enseñanza a un Modelo Pedagógico en el que se tiene en cuenta la interdependencia del aprendizaje, la enseñanza, el contenido y el contexto. En este planteamiento, docente y discentes actúan como co-aprendices para fortalecer el proceso. Un paso adelante planteado en los últimos años ha sido la hibridación de modelos para maximizar sus efectos en base a las sinergias que se pueden crear entre ellos. En este marco, el Aprendizaje Cooperativo emerge como un representante destacado, ya que sus características le hacen encajar a la perfección con otros modelos. En este artículo repasamos el Aprendizaje Cooperativo como modelo pedagógico y presentamos cómo puede hibridarse con los modelos de Educación Deportiva, Comprensivo de iniciación deportiva (TGfU), Responsabilidad Personal y Social y Educación-Aventura. La hibridación de modelos pedagógicos permite a los docentes adaptar sus clases a las características cambiantes del contexto escolar, acercando la asignatura de educación física a las verdaderas necesidades e intereses de los estudiantes del siglo XXI. Es la hora de pasar de los juegos cooperativos puntuales al Aprendizaje Cooperativo como modelo pedagógico de referencia.
Abstract. Cooperation has been one of the key elements of all the educational laws over the last 25 years, and the standard response of the majority of teachers has been the inclusion of cooperative games on special occasions. Models-based Practice is the current tendency in physical education, and Cooperative Learning is one of those models. Furthermore, it has evolved from an instructional model to a Pedagogical Model, which considers the interdependence of learning, teaching, subject matter and context. Within this framework, teachers and students act as co-learners to strengthen the whole process. A step ahead has been the hybridization of models to maximize their effects based on their synergies. In this context, Cooperative Learning emerges as a strong example because its traits fit perfectly with other models. In this article we review the idea of Cooperative Learning as a pedagogical model, and we show how it can be hybridized with other models: Sport Education, Teaching Games for Understanding, Teaching for Personal and Social Responsibility and Adventure Education. The hybridization of models allow teachers to adapt their classes to the shifting school contexts, bringing physical education closer to the real needs and interests of XXI century students. It is the time to move from cooperative games to Cooperative learning as the benchmark pedagogical model.
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