The impact of technologies on the development of repetitive speed in handball, basketball and volleyball
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111116Keywords:
Fitlight technology, reactive repetitive speed, reaction time, simple repetitive speed, team sport, visual stimulusAbstract
Introduction and objective: The study focused on identifying the differences regarding the implementation of a program that uses Fitlight technology and targets the development of simple and reactive repetitive speed in manual and bilateral manual executions.
Methodology: There were 311 subjects in the study, including 243 student-athletes (handball, basketball, and volleyball) and 65 recreational subjects (control group). Study phasing: initial testing; implementing a 6-week experimental program using the Fitlight technology to improve manual, repetitive speed; final testing. Study tests: the Tapping the plates test-unilateral execution with the dominant hand (TP_dominant hand), the random reactive plate touching test_unilateral execution with the dominant hand (TPR_dominant hand), Touching the plates test- bilateral execution (TP_bilateral), Test Touching the plates bilateral execution-random reactive (TPR_bilateral).
Results: The ANOVA analysis highlighted significant differences between the male and female groups, respectively, for all four versions of the Tapping Plate Test, for p<0.05. While analyzing the results of the male/female sports game groups, the most significant differences in progress were recorded in TP_dominant hand between Volleyball-Basketball with 0.179/0.126 executions; TPR_ dominant hand between Volleyball-Basketball -0.126/0.086 executions; TP_bilateral between Volleyball-Basketball -0.154/-0.173 executions; bilateral TPR_ between Volleyball-Handball -0.016/-0.033 executions. Analyzing the study results, we found that the control group recorded lower results than all the experimental groups. Conclusions: The Fitlight technology positively impacted the environment of simple and reactive repetitive speed as part of practicing an experimental program of specific exercises adapted to team sports games.
References
Al Hussein H, Al Hussein H, Stroe V, Harpa M, Ghiragosian C, Goia CM, Opris CE, Suciu H. (2020). Different Manifestations in Familial Isolated Left Ventricular Non-compaction: Two Case Reports and Literature Review. Front Pediatr. 7(8), 370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00370
Andritoi, D., Luca, C., Onu, I., Corciova, C., Fuior, R., Salceanu, A., & Iordan, D. A. (2022). The Use of Modern Technologies in Post-COVID-19 Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. Applied Scien-ces, 12(15), 7471). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157471
Appelbaum, L. G., & Erickson, G. (2018). Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digi-tal training techniques. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 160–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1266376
Arede, J., Carvalho, M., Esteves, P., de las Heras, B., & Leite, N. (2020). Exploring the Effects of LED Lighting Training Program on Motor Performance among Young Athletes. Creativity Research Journal, 33(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1817693
Baba, D., Mijaica, R., Nechita, F., & Balint, L. (2024). Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Annual Physical Training Plan for Masters +45 Women Half Marathon Athletes: A Guideline Model for Good Practices for Programming Effort Volume and Intensity. Sports, 12(9), 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090256
Badau, A. (2024). Mental Imagery and Attentional Style in Senior Mini-Football Players. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 15(2), 46–66. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/15.2/563
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., & Torres-Ronda, L. (2021). The Implementation of Velocity-Based Training Paradigm for Team Sports: Framework, Technologies, Practical Recommendations and Cha-llenges. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 9(4), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9040047
Bardid, F., Utesch, T., Stodden, D. F., & Lenoir, M. (2021). Developmental perspectives on motor com-petence and physical fitness in youth. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 31 Suppl 1, 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13946
Birnstiel, S., & Morschheuser, B. (2024). Exploring gamification in team sports: A scoping review and research agenda. GamiFIN, 33-46.
Camenidis, C.-M., Băițel, I., Oatu, A., Amzulescu, O., & Bidiugan, R. (2021). Determination of Neuromus-cular Control of the Upper Limbs in Children - Case Study. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 11(4Sup1), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.4Sup1/155
Campanella, M., Cardinali, L., Ferrari, D., Migliaccio, S., Silvestri, F., Falcioni, L., Bimonte, V. M., Curzi, D., Bertollo, M., Bovolon, L., Gallotta, M. C., Guidetti, L., Baldari, C., & Bonavolontà, V. (2024). Ef-fects of Fitlight training on cognitive-motor performance in élite judo athletes. Heliyon, 10(7), e28712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28712
Casamento-Moran, A., Delmas, S., Park, S. H., Yacoubi, B., & Christou, E. A. (2019). Reaction to a Visual Stimulus: Anticipation with Steady and Dynamic Contractions. Journal of Human Kinetics, 69, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0025
Catanescu, A. C., & Cojanu, F. (2021). Fitness level testing in U16 performance alpine skiing athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 21 (6): 3386-3393. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.06459
Cieśluk, K., Sadowska, D., & Krzepota, J. (2023). The Use of Modern Measuring Devices in the Evalua-tion of Movement in the Block in Volleyball Depending on the Difficulty of the Task Determined by Light Signals. Applied Sciences, 13(20), 11462. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011462
Čoh, M., Vodičar, J., Žvan, M., Šimenko, J., Stodolka, J., Rauter, S., & Maćkala, K. (2018). Are Change-of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility Independent Skills Even When Using the Same Movement Pattern? Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(7), 1929–1936. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002553
Cojanu, F., & Cătănescu, A. (2010). Study on involvement in learning technology components psycho-motricity to play tennis. Ovidius Univ. Ann. Ser. Phys. Educ. Sport/Sci. Mov. Health 2010, 10, 457–460.
Dellaserra, C. L., Gao, Y., & Ransdell, L. (2014). Use of integrated technology in team sports: a review of opportunities, challenges, and future directions for athletes. Journal of strength and condition-ing research, 28(2), 556–573. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a952fb
Delmas, S., Casamento-Moran, A., Park, S. H., Yacoubi, B., & Christou, E. A. (2018). Motor planning per-turbation: muscle activation and reaction time. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(4), 2059–2065. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00323.2018
de-Oliveira, L. A., Matos, M. V., Fernandes, I. G. S., Nascimento, D. A., & da Silva-Grigoletto, M. E. (2021). Test-Retest Reliability of a Visual-Cognitive Technology (Fitlight™) to Measure Response Time. Journal of sports science & medicine, 20(1), 179–180. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.179
Duarte, R., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Davids, K. (2012). Sports teams as superorganisms: implications of sociobiological behavior models for research and practice in team sports performance analysis. Sports medicine, 42(8), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.2165/11632450-000000000-00000
Duda, H. (2020). Shaping motor activities of young football players in comprehensive training using the Fitlight system. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 30(91), 43–51. DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0014.8126
Durukan, E., Göktepe, M., Aydin, G., & Stoica, L. (2023). Investigation of Physical Activity Levels of Eli-gible Students in Terms of Various Variables. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 14(1), 461-474. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.1/430
Emmanouil, A., Rousanoglou, E., & Boudolos, K. (2024). Two Repetitions May Be Enough! Reliability of Movement Timing in Physical Fitness Exercises Performed by Young, Trained Adults Using Inertial Sensors. Biomechanics, 4(1), 84-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4010006
Erickson G. B. (2021). Topical Review: Visual Performance Assessments for Sport. Optometry and vi-sion science: Official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 98(7), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001731
Ezhov, A., Zakharova, A., & Kachalov, D. (2021). Modern Light Sport Training Systems: Critical Analysis of Their Construction and Performance Features. In icSPORTS, 123-129.
Falces-Prieto, M., Raya-González, J., Sáez de Villarreal, E., Rodicio-Palma, J., Iglesias-García, F.J., & Gon-zález Fernández, F.T. (2021). Effects of combined plyometric and sled training on young soccer players' vertical jump and linear speed performance. Retos, 42, 228–235. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.86423
Farley, J. B., Stein, J., Keogh, J. W. L., Woods, C. T., & Milne, N. (2020). The Relationship between Physi-cal Fitness Qualities and Sport-Specific Technical Skills in Female, Team-Based Ball Players: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine - open, 6(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00245-y
Flight Technology. https://www.fitlighttraining.com/products/fitlight-system/ (accessed 10.05.2024)
Forni, F., Farinini, E., Leardi, R., & Rinaldo, A. (2022). Effects of visual training on motor performance in young tennis players using FitLight trainer. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fit-ness, 62(4), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12145-0
Gherghel, R., Iordan, D. A., Mocanu, M. D., Onu, A., & Onu, I. (2021). Osteoarthritis is not a disease but rather an accumulation of predisposing factors. A systematic review. Balneo & PRM Research Journal, 12(3).
Gurau, T. V., Gurau, G., Musat, C. L., Voinescu, D. C., Anghel, L., Onose, G., Munteanu, C., Onu, I., & Ior-dan, D. A. (2023). Epidemiology of Injuries in Professional and Amateur Football Men (Part II). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(19), 6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196293
Gurau, T. V., Gurau, G., Voinescu, D. C., Anghel, L., Onose, G., Iordan, D. A., Munteanu, C., Onu, I., & Mu-sat, C. L. (2023). Epidemiology of Injuries in Men's Professional and Amateur Football (Part I). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175569
Hassan, A. K., Alhumaid, M. M., & Hamad, B. E. (2022). The Effect of Using Reactive Agility Exercises with the FITLIGHT Training System on the Speed of Visual Reaction Time and Dribbling Skill of Basketball Players. Sports, 10(11), 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10110176
Hassan, A. K., Alibrahim, M. S., & Sayed Ahmed, Y. A. R. (2023). The effect of small-sided games using the FIT LIGHT training system on some harmonic abilities and basic skills of basketball play-ers. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1080526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1080526
Henry, G. J., Dawson, B., Lay, B. S., & Young, W. B. (2016). Relationships Between Reactive Agility Mo-vement Time and Unilateral Vertical, Horizontal, and Lateral Jumps. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(9), 2514–2521. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ebc
Hunter, J. R., O'Brien, B. J., Mooney, M. G., Berry, J., Young, W. B., & Down, N. (2011). Repeated sprint training improves intermittent peak running speed in team-sport athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(5), 1318–1325. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d85aac
Iordan, D. A., Mocanu, M. D., Mereuță, C., Zenovia, S. T. A. N., Mocanu, G. D., & Ilie, O. N. U. (2021). Quantifying the functional diagnosis in rehabilitating postural problems of biomechanical ju-nior female players in table tennis. Balneo and PRM Research Journal, 12(1), 53-60.
Katanić, B., Ilić, P., Stojmenović, A., & Vitasović, M. (2020). The application of the Fitlight trainer sys-tem in sports. Fizicka cultura, doi: 10.5937/fizkul74-27189
Kamijo, K., Bae, S., & Masaki, H. (2016). The Association of Childhood Fitness to Proactive and Reactive Action Monitoring. PloS one, 11(3), e0150691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150691
Keller, S., Koob, A., Corak, D., von Schöning, V., & Born, D. P. (2020). How to Improve Change-of-Direction Speed in Junior Team Sport Athletes-Horizontal, Vertical, Maximal, or Explosive Strength Training?. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 34(2), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002814
Kos, A., Wei, Y., Tomažič, S., & Umek, A. (2018). The role of science and technology in sport. Procedia Computer Science, 129, 489-495.
Lakhani, B., Bolton, D. A., Miyasike-Dasilva, V., Vette, A. H., & McIlroy, W. E. (2014). Speed of pro-cessing in the primary motor cortex: a continuous theta burst stimulation study. Behavioral brain research, 261, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.022
Mancini, N., Di Padova, M., Polito, R., Mancini, S., Dipace, A., Basta, A., Colella, D., Limone, P., Messina, G., Monda, M., Monda, A., Guerriero, M. A., Messina, A., & Moscatelli, F. (2024). The Impact of Perception-Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Pla-yers. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 9(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030147
Marković, S., Dopsaj, M., Tomažič, S., & Umek, A. (2020). Potential of IMU-Based Systems in Measuring Single Rapid Movement Variables in Females with Different Training Backgrounds and Specia-lization. Applied bionics and biomechanics, 2020, 7919514. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7919514
Martin-Niedecken, A. L., Bucher, V., Adcock, M., de Bruin, E. D., & Schättin, A. (2023). Impact of an exergame intervention on cognitive-motor functions and training experience in young team sports athletes: a non-randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in sports and active living. 5, 1170783. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1170783
Mickevičienė, D., Motiejūnaitė, K., Skurvydas, A., Darbutas, T., & Karanauskienė, D. (2008). How do Reaction Time and Movement Speed Depend on the Complexity of the Task? Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2(69).
Moreno, M., Capdevila, L., & Losilla, J. M. (2022). Could hand-eye laterality profiles affect sport performance? A systematic review. PeerJ, 10, e14385. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14385
Myers, L. R., Toonstra, J. L., & Cripps, A. E. (2022). The test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the FitLight Trainer™. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 28(2), 84–88.
Myhill, N., Weaving, D., Robinson, M., Barrett, S., & Emmonds, S. (2023). Concurrent validity and bet-ween-unit reliability of a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit to measure velocity during team sport activity. Science & medicine in football, 1–9. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2023.2237493
Nechita, F. (2018). The role of implementation of applied pathways in physical education les-sons. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics, 11(2), 109–116.
Örs, B. S., Cantas, F., Gungor, E. O., & Sımsek, D. (2019). Assessment and comparison of visual skills among athletes. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 231-241.
Pinheiro, G. de S., Bernardino, HS, Costa, IT, & Costa, VT (2022). Differences in discriminative reaction time between elite youth football players: a comparison between age-categories. Retos, 43, 772–777. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.88116
Prelević, M., Dopsaj, M., & Stančin, S. (2023). Timing in Lower Limb Complex Movement Tests for Dan-ceSport Athletes: Relation between FitLight Trainer and IMU Measurements. Sensors, 23(3), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031456
See, L. C., Liu, Y. H., Lim, A. Y., Chen, W. M., & Lee, J. S. (2021). Development, reliability, and validity of a new protocol for measuring visuomotor response among athletes and non-athletes. Medicina dello Sport, 74(4), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0025-7826.21.03690-5
Shekar, S. U., Erickson, G. B., Horn, F., Hayes, J. R., & Cooper, S. (2021). Efficacy of a Digital Sports Vi-sion Training Program for Improving Visual Abilities in Collegiate Baseball and Softball Athle-tes. Optometry and vision science: Official publication of the American Academy of Optome-try, 98(7), 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001740
Silvestri, F., Campanella, M., Bertollo, M., Albuquerque, M. R., Bonavolontà, V., Perroni, F., Baldari, C., Guidetti, L., & Curzi, D. (2023). Acute Effects of Fitlight Training on Cognitive-Motor Processes in Young Basketball Players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(1), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010817
Starczewski, M., Bobowik, P., Urbanski, P. K., Makowski, S., & Morys, M. (2024). The impact of high-intensity arm crank exercise on reaction time in wheelchair fencers: gender differences and mechanical predictors. Scientific reports, 14(1), 12116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62013-2
Stöckel, T., & Weigelt, M. (2012). Brain lateralization and motor learning: selective effects of dominant and non-dominant hand practice on the early acquisition of throwing skills. Laterality, 17(1), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2010.524222
Tarkka, I. M., & Hautasaari, P. (2019). Motor Action Execution in Reaction-Time Movements: Magne-toencephalographic Study. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 98(9), 771–776. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001187
Torres-Ronda, L., Beanland, E., Whitehead, S., Sweeting, A., & Clubb, J. (2022). Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. Sports medicine - open, 8(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z
Trofimova, O., Mottaz, A., Allaman, L., Chauvigné, L. A. S., & Guggisberg, A. G. (2020). The "implicit" serial reaction time task induces rapid and temporary adaptation rather than implicit motor learning. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 175, 107297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107297
Turdaliyev, R., Botagariyev, T., Ryskaliyev, S., Doshybekov, A., & Kissebaev, Z. (2024). Virtual Reality Technology as a Factor to Improve University Sports. Retos, 51, 872–880. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.101213
Vater, C., & Strasburger, H. (2021). Topical Review: The Top Five Peripheral Vision Tools in Sport. Optometry and vision science: Official publication of the American Academy of Optome-try, 98(7), 704–722. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001732
Verschueren, J., Tassignon, B., Pluym, B., Van Cutsem, J., Verhagen, E., & Meeusen, R. (2019). Bringing context to balance: development of a reactive balance test within the injury prevention and re-turn to sport domain. Archives of physiotherapy, 9, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40945-019-0057-4
Wang, P., Shi, C., Chen, J., Gao, X., Wang, Z., Fan, Y., & Mao, Y. (2024). Training methods and evaluation of basketball players' agility quality: A systematic review. Heliyon, 10(1), e24296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24296
Willberg, C., Kohler, A., & Zentgraf, K. (2023). Construct Validity and Applicability of a Team-Sport-Specific Change of Direction Test. Journal of Human Kinetics, 85, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0115
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dana Badau, Adela Badau, Virgil Ene-Voiculescu, Carmen Ene-Voiculescu, Dragos Florin Teodor, Constantin Sufaru, Corina Claudia Dinciu, Victor Dulceata, Dan Cristian Manescu, Catalin Octavian Manescu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
