Efectos del ejercicio combinado (aeróbico y de fuerza) sobre la composición corporal y la condición física de pacientes y sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama. Una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos (Effects of combined exercise (aerobic and resistance) on body composition and physical condition in breast cancer patients and survivors. A systematic review of clinical trials)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.95088Palabras clave:
Cáncer de mama, Ejercicio aeróbico, Ejercicio físico, Fuerza muscular, Composición corporalResumen
Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática sobre los efectos del ejercicio combinado de fuerza y resistencia aeróbica sobre la condición física y la composición corporal en pacientes y sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama sin importar la terapia coadyuvante. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática basados en la Declaración Prisma 2020, con descriptores entre junio y diciembre de 2021 en las bases de datos Science Direct, Lilacs, Cochrane Library y PubMed, posteriormente se seleccionaron títulos por idoneidad acordes al objetivo de la revisión y finalmente se leyeron los resúmenes de los artículos seleccionados para filtrar por criterios de elegibilidad, incluyendo ensayos clínicos aleatorios y no aleatorios. Se evaluaron 355 artículos; Se valoraron la calidad de la publicación y el riesgo de sesgo de cada artículo utilizando lectura crítica. Resultados: Finalmente se incluyeron 13 estudios, involucrando 879 mujeres mayores de edad, en estadio temprano de cáncer de mama, sometidas a diferentes regímenes de quimioterapia, radioterapia o terapia hormonal que participaron de diferentes programas de ejercicio combinado de fuerza y resistencia aeróbica. Se encontraron mejoras significativas en el al igual que la en programas de 12 a 16 semanas desarrollados en intensidades moderadas-altas (60%-80% o del 55% al 95% del ); los resultados de fuerza también indican mejoras en programas con intensidades del 35%-80% de 1RM, entrenando tres veces por semana. Conclusión: el ejercicio combinado de fuerza y resistencia aeróbica supervisado ejecutado en un intervalo de tiempo de al menos seis meses con intensidades moderadas-altas tiene efectos positivos sobre la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, la fuerza, la composición corporal y algunas variables fisiológicas que al final, mejoran la condición física en pacientes y sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama.
Palabras clave: Cáncer de mama, Ejercicio aeróbico, Ejercicio físico, Fuerza muscular, Composición corporal (fuente: DeCS, BIREME).
Abstract. Objective: Conduct a systematic review on the effects of combined strength and aerobic endurance exercise on physical fitness and body composition in breast cancer patients and survivors regardless of adjuvant therapy. Methods: A systematic search was carried out based on the Prisma 2020 Declaration, with descriptors was carried out between June and December 2021 in the Science Direct, Lilacs, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases, subsequently titles were selected according to suitability and the objective of the review and finally the abstracts of the articles were read. selected articles to filter by eligibility criteria, including randomized and non-randomized clinical trials. 355 articles were evaluated; The publication quality and risk of bias of each article were assessed using critical reading. Results: 13 studies were included in the review, involving 879 older women with early-stage breast cancer, undergoing different regimens of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormonal therapy who participated in different programs of combined resistance and aerobic resistance exercise. Significant improvements in VO_2max as well as HR_max was found in 12- to 16-week programs performed at moderate-high intensities (60%-80% HR_max or 55% to 95% VO_2max); strength results also indicate improvements in programs with intensities of 35%-80% of 1RM, training three times per week. Conclusion: the combined exercise of strength and supervised aerobic resistance executed in a time interval of at least six months with moderate-high intensities, has positive effects on cardiorespiratory capacity, strength, body composition and some physiological variables that, in the end, improve physical fitness in breast cancer patients and survivors.
Key words: Breast cancer, aerobic exercise, physical exercise, muscular strength, body composition (fuente: DeCS, BIREME).
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