Efectos de los programas de ejercicio en la salud metabólica y la composición corporal de adolescentes con obesidad: una revisión sistemática (Effects of exercise programs on metabolic health and body composition in adolescents with obesity: a systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.107171Palabras clave:
Obesidad, Salud metabólcia, Composición corporal, Entrenamiento aeróbio, Entrenamiento de resistencia, HDL, LDLResumen
Introducción: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es un problema de salud pública mundial, que afecta tanto a adultos como a niños. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es analizar la literatura que describe los efectos de los programas de ejercicio sobre la salud metabólica y la composición corporal en adolescentes con obesidad. Métodos: Para esta revisión sistemática se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como PubMed y SPORTDiscus, aplicando la estrategia PICOS para la búsqueda de palabras clave, se implicó un proceso de selección de tres pasos por parte de dos autores independientes, en el que se recogieron datos sobre la caracterización de los estudios y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo mediante la herramienta Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal. Resultados: Los 18 estudios analizados abordaron la composición corporal, el perfil lipídico, el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, la aptitud cardiovascular, la aptitud y la actividad físicas, y la hormona del estrés en adolescentes obesos, observando mejoras en la mayoría de los parámetros, incluidas las reducciones de peso, grasa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, LDL, insulina, glucosa y cortisol, así como aumentos en HDL, VO2max, VO2pico y minutos de actividad por día. Conclusiones: Se consideró que el entrenamiento regular es efectivo para controlar el peso y promover la salud en niños con sobrepeso, combinando entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia, y los programas individualizados son cruciales. El estudio tiene algunas limitaciones, el pequeño tamaño muestral y la corta duración limitan la generalización y evaluación de los resultados a largo plazo. Los estudios futuros deben buscar implementar intervenciones a largo plazo y programas de capacitación con la participación de la familia para la sostenibilidad y el éxito.
Palabras clave: Obesidad, Salud metabólica, composición corporal, Entrenamiento aeróbico, Entrenamiento de resistencia, HDL, LDL.
Abstract. Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is a global public health problem, affecting both adults and children. The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the literature describing the effects of exercise programs on metabolic health and body composition in adolescents with obesity. Methods: For this systematic review, a literature search was carried out in databases such as PubMed and SPORTDiscus, applying the PICOS strategy for keyword searching, involving a three-step selection process by two independent authors, in which data was collected on the characterization of the studies and the risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal tool. Results: The 18 studies analysed addressed body composition, lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism, cardiovascular fitness, physical fitness and activity, and stress hormone in obese adolescents, noting improvements in most parameters, including reductions in weight, body fat, waist circumference, LDL, insulin, glucose and cortisol, as well as increases in HDL, VO2max, VO2peak and minutes of activity per day. Conclusions: Regular training was found to be effective in controlling weight and promoting health in overweight children, combining aerobic and resistance training, with individualized programs being crucial. The study has some limitations, the small sample size and short duration limit generalization and evaluation of long-term results. Future studies should seek to implement long-term interventions and training programs with family involvement for sustainability and success.
Keywords: Obesity, Metabolic health, Body composition, Aerobic training, Resistance training, HDL, LDL.
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