Una intervención eficaz basada en las habilidades familiares para la prevención de problemas de salud en hijos de padres adictos a alcohol y drogas

Autores/as

  • Karol l. Kumpfer University of Utah
  • Joaquín Fenollar Universidad de Kentucky
  • Ciara Jubani Blanchardstown Local Drugs Task Force

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2013.21.05

Palabras clave:

Intervenciones de familia, prevención de drogas, hijos de adictos.

Resumen

Introducción: Hay una gran necesidad de difundir a gran escala programas efectivos que se centren en la capacitación de las competencias familiares para prevenir múltiples problemas de desarrollo en los niños y en el uso de sustancias adictivas en los niños de alto riesgo. Revisiones independientes han concluido que el Programa para Fortalecer a las Familias (SFP), desarrollado por la autora, es el programa  más efectivo en la prevención del abuso de sustancias adictivas. Las adaptaciones culturales han dado lugar a resultados exitosos del SFP en muchos países, incluyendo España (como queda recogido en el artículo de la Dra. Carmen Orte). Este artículo revisa 30 años de historia de la implementación y resultados del SFP en diferentes culturas y con las adaptaciones culturales. Métodos Se presenta el Modelo Ecológico Social, el cual ha sido probado usando SEM (Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales) (Kumpfer, Alvarado y Whiteside, 2003), y se pone de manifiesto que hay ciertos factores familiares (unión, supervisión y comunicación) que son los más importantes en la protección del consumo de sustancias. Por lo tanto, esta teoría causal sirvió como la teoría etiológica detrás del diseño del SFP de 14 sesiones. La teoría social cognitiva-conductual (Bandura, 1989) es la teoría de la intervención. El Programa para Fortalecer a las Familias (SFP) (Kumpfer y DeMarsh, 1985) fue el primer programa de capacitación de familias que se desarrolló y que en un ensayo controlado aleatorio (ECA), se mostró efectivo en la mejora de los resultados de los niños de padres que abusan de drogas. Muchos países solicitaron poder implementar el SFP, de ahí que se tuvieran que desarrollar sistemas de formación de personal cualificado y un proceso de adaptación cultural. Resultados Después de ocho ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA), cuatro de estos llevados a cabo por equipos de investigación independientes, y tras cientos de estudios cuasi-experimentales con seguimientos de hasta 10 años, se ha demostrado que el SFP es efectivo en la reducción del consumo de sustancias adictivas entre adolescentes. Las revisiones del meta-análisis de la Colaboración Cochrane en la Universidad de Oxford concluyeron que el SFP era el programa más eficaz en la prevención de drogas y alcohol (Foxcroft, et al., 2003). Un análisis de coste-beneficio de Miller y Hendrie (2008) concluyó que el SFP tenía los mayores porcentajes de eficacia en la prevención del consumo de alcohol y drogas entre jóvenes. La adaptación cultural es un elemento obligatorio en la fidelidad del SFP. En cinco estudios se demostró que se mejora el reclutamiento y la retención de un 40 por ciento. Conclusión El SFP se está difundiendo en todo el mundo por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, así como por 27 gobiernos. En este artículo se describen los contenidos y la investigación del Programa para Fortalecer a las Familias en varios países, entre ellos España. Además, se hace alusión al futuro de una nueva versión del programa SFP 8-16, el cual está disponible para ordenador y en DVD para que las familias lo vean en el hogar.

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Publicado

2013-01-01