Alimentary and lifestyle changes as a strategy in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2: milestones and perspectives

Authors

  • M. Hernández Ruiz de Eguilaz Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra
  • M.A. Batlle Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra
  • B. Martínez de Morentin Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra
  • R. San-Cristóbal Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra
  • S. Pérez Díez Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra
  • S. Navas-Carretero Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
  • J.A. Martínez Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.0267

Keywords:

Diabetes tipo 2. Obesidad. Actividad física. Dieta. Estilo de vida.

Abstract

A high caloric intake in today’s alimentation and a sedentary lifestyle are the main causes of the notable increase in obesity in our society. In turn, this results in an increase in associated pathologies, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2. In the present work we review the most recent studies and programs, which are significant due to their sample size and geographical diversity. It clearly shows that changes in alimentation and lifestyles are an effective instrument for combatting or delaying the onset of these diseases. In this sense, prevention is also key to avoiding serious consequences related to diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which can affect the life of the population.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

M. Hernández Ruiz de Eguilaz, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra

Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación y Fisiología

References

1. ALEGRÍA E, CASTELLANO JM, ALEGRIA A. Obesidad, síndrome metabólico y diabetes: implicaciones cardiovasculares y actuación terapéutica. Rev Esp Cardiol 2008; 61: 752-764.

https://doi.org/10.1157/13123996

2. Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN). Libro Blanco de la Nutrición en España. 1ª ed. Madrid: Fundación Española de la Nutrición, 2013.

3. SALAS-SALVADÓ J, RUBIO MA, BARBANY M, MORENO B, Grupo Colaborativo de la SEEDO. Consenso SEEDO 2007 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 128: 184-196.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7753(07)72531-9

4. YUMUK V, TSIGOS C, FRIED M, SCHINDLER K, BUSETTO L, MICIC D et al. European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts 2015; 8: 402-424.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000442721

5. American Diabetes Association. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: S31-S32.

https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-S008

6. REAVEN G. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.37.12.1595

7. ALBORNOZ LÓPEZ R, PÉREZ RODRIGO I. Nutrición y síndrome metabólico. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp 2012; 32: 92-97.

8. Expert Panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adults Treatment Panel III). Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-2497.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486

9. GRUNDY S, CLEEMAN J, DANIELS S, DONATO K, ECKEL R, FRANKLIN B et al. AHA/NHLBI Scientific statement. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-2752.

https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404

10. ALBERTI KG, ECKEL RH, GRUNDY SM, ZIMMET PZ, CLEEMAN JI, DONATO KA et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640-1645.

https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644

11. OMS World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.

12. BALKAU B, CHARLES MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999; 16: 442-443.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x

13. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_ Metasyndrome_definition.pdf. [Consultado 30 de junio de 2015].

14. CIVEIRA MURILLO F, PÉREZ RUIZ MR, BAILA-RUEDA L. Síndrome metabólico: concepto, epidemiología, etiopatogenia y complicaciones. Medicine 2013; 11: 2402-2409.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-5412(13)70637-1

15. UZUNLULU M, TELCI CAKLILI O, OGUZ A. Association between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Ann Nutr Metab 2016; 68: 173-179.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000443743

16. CAMERON AJ, SHAW JE, ZIMMET PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 351-375.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005

17. ELIAS-CALLES L, DOMINGUEZ YA, TRIMIÑO AA, DE ARMAS Y. Epidemiología y prevención del síndrome metabólico. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol 2011; 50: 250-256.

18. PARK YW, ZHU S, PALANIAPPAN L, HESHKA S, CARNETHON MR, HEYMSFIELD SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 427-436.

https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.4.427

19. AGUILAR-SALINAS C, ROJAS R, GÓMEZ-PÉREZ F, VALLES V, RÍOS-TORRES J, FRANCO A et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 76-81.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.06.006

20. LORENZO C, WILLIAMS K, GONZÁLEZ-VILLALPANDO C, HAFFNER S. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome did not increase in Mexico city between 1990-1992 and 1997-1999. Despite more central obesity. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2480-2485.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.10.2480

21. ISOMAA B, ALMGREN P, TOUMI T, FORSEN MD, LAHTI MD, NISSEN MD et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 683-689.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.4.683

22. FERNÁNDEZ-BERGÉS D, CABRERA DE LEÓN A, SANZ H, ELOSUA R, GUEMBE MJ, ALZAMORA M et al. Síndrome metabólico en España: prevalencia y riesgo coronario asociado a la definición armonizada y a la propuesta por la OMS. Estudio DARIOS. Rev Esp Cardiol 2012; 65: 241-248.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2011.10.015

23. ALEGRÍA E, CORDERO A, LACLAUSTRA M, GRIMA A, LEÓN M, CASASNOVAS JA et al; Investigadores del registro MESYAS. Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en población laboral española: Registro MESYAS. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005; 58: 797-806.

https://doi.org/10.1157/13077231

24. ROSAS GUZMÁN J, GONZÁLEZ CHÁVEZ A, ASCHNER P, BASTARRACHEA R. Consenso Latinoamericano de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes (ALAD). Epidemiología, diagnóstico, control, prevención y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico en adultos. Rev ALAD 2010; 27: 25-44.

25. GONZÁLEZ SARMIENTO E, PASCUAL CALLEJA I, LACLAUSTRA GIMENO M, CASASNOVAS LENGUAS JA. Síndrome metabólico y diabetes mellitus. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005; 5: 30D-37D.

https://doi.org/10.1157/13083446

26. RASMUSSEN SS, GLÜMER C, SANDBAEK A, LAURITZEN T, BORCH-JOHNSEN K. Progression from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in a high-risk screening programme in general practice: the Addition Study, DENMARK. Diabetología 2007; 50: 293-297.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0530-y

27. POLIKANDRIOTI M, DOKOUTSIDOU H. The role of exercise and nutrition in type II diabetes mellitus management. Health Sci J 2009; 3: 216-221.

28. GINBERG HN. Insuline resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 453-458.

https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10762

29. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2015: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: S4.

https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-S003

30. ALBERTI KG, ZIMMET PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539-553.

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S

31. Organización mundial de la Salud [consultado 30 de Junio de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int

32. STEYN NP, MANN J, BENNETT PH, TEMPLE N, ZIMMET P, TUOMILEHTO J et al. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 147-165.

https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003586

33. International Diabetes Federation [consultado 30 de junio de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.idf.org

34. CODURAS MARTÍNEZ A, DEL LLANO SENARIS J, CAICOYA GÓMEZ-MORAN M. La diabetes tipo 2 en España: Estudio crítico de situación. Madrid: Fundación Gaspar Casal, para la investigación y el desarrollo de la salud, 2012.

35. CODOCEO V. Prevención de diabetes mellitus 2. Rev Med Clin Condes 2010; 21: 741-748.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0716-8640(10)70595-2

36. DE LUCA MJF, ESANDI ME, CHAPMAN E. Guía de práctica clínica Nacional sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Buenos Aires, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, 2008.

37. HUSSAIN A, CLAUSSEN B, RAMACHANDRAN A, WILLIAMS R. Prevention of type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 76: 317-326.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2006.09.020

38. SANTAGUIDA PL, BALION C, HUNT D, MORRISON K, GERSTEIN H, RAINA P et al. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2005; 128: 1-11.

39. GILLIES CL, ABRAMS KR, LAMBERT PC, COOPER NJ, SUTTON AJ, HSU RT et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 334: 299.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39063.689375.55

40. NORRIS SL, ZHANG X, AVENELL A, GREGG E, SCHMID CH, LAU J. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (2): CD005270.

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005270

41. STEYN NP, MANN J, BENNETT PH, TEMPLE N, ZIMMET P, TUOMILEHTO J et al. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 147-165.

https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003586

42. WING RR, BLAIR EH, BONONI P, MARCUS MD, WATANABE R, BERGMAN RN. Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 30-36.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.17.1.30

43. BALK EM, EARLEY A, RAMAN G, AVENDANO EA, PITTAS AG, REMINGTON PL. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 437-451.

https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-0452

44. LI R, QU S, ZHANG P, CHATTOPADHYAY S, GREGG EW, ALBRIGHT A et al. Economic evaluation of combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 452-460.

https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-0469

45. KNOWLER WC, BARRETT-CONNOR E, FOWLER SE, HAMMAN RF, LACHIN JM, WALKER EA et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512

46. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, KNOWLER WC, FOWLER SE, HAMMAN RF, CHRISTOPHI CA, HOFFMAN HJ et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1677-1686.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4

47. PAN XR, LI GW, HU YH, WANG JX, YANG WY, AN ZX et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537-544.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.537

48. LI G, ZHANG P, WANG J, GREGG EW, YANG W, GONG Q et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1783-1789.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60766-7

49. TUOMILEHTO J, LINDSTRÖM J, ERIKSSON JG, VALLE TT, HÄMÄLÄINEN H, ILANNE-PARIKKA P et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801

50. LINDSTRÖM J, ILANNE-PARIKKA P, PELTONEN M, AUNOLA S, ERIKSSON JG, HEMIÖ K et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1673-1679.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8

51. ETU-SEPPÄLÄ L. DEHKO: Finlandia avanza en prevención primaria [editorial]. Diabetes Voice 2003; 48: 53-56.

52. SAARISTO T, ETU-SEPPÄLÄ L. Prevención de la diabetes y sus complicaciones: objetivos clave en Finlandia. Diabetes Voice 2006; 51: 13-17.

53. LINDSTRÖN, J, TUOMILEHTO J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict Type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 725-731.

https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725

54. SAARISTO T, MOILANEN A, KORPI-HYÖVÄLTI E, VANHALA M, SALTEVO J, NISKANEN L et al. Lifestyle intervention for prevention of type 2 diabetes in primary health care: one-year follow-up of the Finnish national diabetes prevention program (FIN-D2D). Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2146-2151.

https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0410

55. ERIKSSON KF, LINDGARDE F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: the 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 891-898.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400196

56. RAMACHANDRAN A, SNEHALATHA C, MARY S, MUKESH B, BHASKAR AD, VIJAY V, Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 2006; 49: 289-297.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z

57. RAMACHANDRAN A, SNEHALATHA C, MARY S, SELVAM S, KUMAR CK, SEELI AC et al. Pioglitazone does not enhance the effectiveness of life style modification in preventing conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Asian Indians: resulto of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Program-2 (IDPP-2). Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1019-1026.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1315-x

58. LAATIKAINEN T, DUNBAR JA, CHAPMAN A, KILKKINEN A, VARTIAINEN E, HEISTARO S et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention in an Australian primary health care setting: Greater Green Triangle (GGT) Diabetes Prevention Project. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 249.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-249

59. OLDROYD JC, UNWIN NC, WHITE M, MATHERS JC, ALBERTI KG. Randomised controlled trial evaluating lifestyle. interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72: 117-127.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.09.018

60. SARIS WHM, ASTRUP A. PRENTICE AM, ZUNFT FJF, FORMIGUERA X, VERBOEKET-VAN DE VENNE WPHG et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. Int J Obesity 2000; 24: 1310-1318.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801451

61. PREDIMED. Prevención con dieta mediterránea [12 de junio de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.predimed.es/

62. SALAS-SALVADÓ J, BULLÓ M, BABIO N, MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ MA, IBARROLA-JURADO N, BASORA J et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 14-19.

https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1288

63. SERRA-MAJEM L, ROMAN B, ESTRUCH R. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2006; 64: S27-47.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00232.x

64. LASA A, MIRANDA J, BULLÓ M, CASAS R, SALAS-SALVADÓ J, LARRETXI I et al. Comparative effect of two Mediterranean diets versus a low-fat diet on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 767-772.

https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.1

65. SALAS-SALVADÓ J, BULLÓ M, ESTRUCH R, ROS E, COVAS MI, IBARROLA-JURADO N et al. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: A subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 1-10.

https://doi.org/10.7326/M13-1725

66. LARSEN TM, DALSKOV S, VAN BAAK M, JEBB S, KAFATOS A, PFEIFFER A et al. The diet, obesity and genes (Diogenes) dietary study in eight European countries - a comprehensive design for long-term intervention. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 76-91.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00603.x

67. LARSEN TM, DALSKOV SM, VAN BAAK M, JEBB SA, PAPADAKI A, PFEIFFER AF et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. New Eng J Med 2010; 363: 2102-2113.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007137

68. MOORE CS, LINDROOS AK, KREUTZER M, LARSEN TM, ASTRUP A, VAN BAAK MA et al. Dietary strategy to manipulate ad libitum macronutrient intake, and glycaemic index, across eight European countries in the Diogenes Study. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 67-75.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00602.x

69. ABETE I, ASTRUP A, MARTINEZ JA, THORSDOTTIR I, ZULET MA. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. Nutr Rev 2010; 68: 214-231.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00280.x

70. PAPADAKI A, LINARDAKIS M, PLADA M, LARSEN TM, DAMSGAARD CT, VAN BAAK MA et al. Impact of weight loss and maintenance with ad libitum diets varying in protein and glycemic index content on metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2014; 30: 410-417.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.001

71. EPIC. Estudio Prospectivo Europeo sobre Dieta, Cáncer y Salud [consultado el 10 de Junio de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.epic-spain.com/acercaeuropa.html

72. ROSSI M, TURATI F, LAGIOU P, TRICHOPOULOS D. Mediterranean diet and glycaemic load in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes: results from the Greed cohort of the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Diabetologia 2013; 56: 2405-2413.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3013-y

73. Getting in balance: A Workplace Diabetes Prevention Intervention Trial (GIBW). [Consultado el 1 de enero de 2016] Disponible en: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02589873?term=diabetes+prevention&rank=1

74. The MoMMii Study. Diabetes Prevention Intervention on Families With Past Gestational Diabetes (MoMMii). [Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2016]. Disponible en: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02343354?term=diabetes+prevention&rank=7

75. SERRANO R, GARCÍA-SOIDÁN FJ, DÍAZ REDONDO A, ARTOLA S, FRANCH J, DÍEZ J et al. Estudio de cohortes en atención primaria sobre la evolución de sujetos con prediabetes (PREDAPS). Fundamentos y metodología. Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 121-135.

https://doi.org/10.4321/S1135-57272013000200003

Published

2016-08-31

How to Cite

1.
Hernández Ruiz de Eguilaz M, Batlle M, Martínez de Morentin B, San-Cristóbal R, Pérez Díez S, Navas-Carretero S, et al. Alimentary and lifestyle changes as a strategy in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2: milestones and perspectives. An Sist Sanit Navar [Internet]. 2016 Aug. 31 [cited 2025 Dec. 21];39(2):269-8. Available from: https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/ASSN/article/view/38887

Issue

Section

Review article

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.