Análise do apoio comunitário aos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno em Alt Urgell: influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e desportivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.109584Palavras-chave:
Winter Olympic bid, Major sports Events, social impact, environmental impact, economic impact, sports participationResumo
Este estudo explora a forma como os factores sociodemográficos e relacionados com o desporto afectam o apoio público a uma candidatura aos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno em Alt Urgell, Catalunha, Espanha, centrando-se no papel dos mecanismos de democracia directa, como os referendos participativos, na formação de opiniões locais sobre a organização de grandes eventos desportivos. Foi utilizado um método misto que incluiu entrevistas web assistidas por computador (CAWI), entrevistas telefónicas assistidas por computador (CATI) e inquéritos presenciais. Os dados de uma amostra estratificada de 416 residentes com mais de 18 anos foram analisados através dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, razão de verosimilhança, Gama e Tau-b de Kendall para examinar as associações entre fatores sociodemográficos, participação desportiva e apoio à candidatura. A análise indica que o estado civil influencia significativamente o apoio à candidatura, sendo que as pessoas com companheiro e filhos demonstram maior entusiasmo. A maior participação desportiva e a prática de desportos ao ar livre estão correlacionadas com um menor interesse na participação comunitária nos Jogos Olímpicos, enquanto a crença na participação regional prediz fortemente atitudes favoráveis. Outros fatores, como a idade, o sexo, os anos de residência e a participação em eventos desportivos não foram significativos. Esta investigação melhora a compreensão do envolvimento do público em grandes eventos desportivos, destacando as relações complexas entre factores sociodemográficos, participação em desportos e apoio a candidaturas. Sublinha a necessidade de os decisores políticos abordarem as preocupações ambientais, económicas e sociais para obterem apoio.
Palavras-chave: grandes eventos desportivos, candidatura aos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno, referendo, impacto do evento.
Referências
Altman, D. (2010). Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511933950
Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792643
Bowler, S., & Donovan, T. (2019). Perceptions of Referendums and Democracy: The Referendum Disappointment Gap. Politics and Governance, 7(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i2.1874
Butler, D., & Ranney, A. (1994). Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy. American Enterprise Institute.
Cabanilla, E., Bravo, X. L.-, Pazmiño, J., & Burbano, M. (2021). Análisis del perfil demográfico y consumo turístico en eventos deportivos en la ciudad de Quito. Caso de estudio: Roger Federer (Analysis of the demographic profile and tourist consumption in sporting events in the city of Quito. Case of study: Roger Fed. Retos, 40, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v1i40.82749
Castilho, C. T., & Dias, C. (2023). Geopolitical analysis of the new scenario in the bidding process for the host cities of the olympic games. PODIUM Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review, 12(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5585/podium.v12i3.24140
Cerezo-Esteve, S., Inglés, E., Segui-Urbaneja, J., & Solanellas, F. (2022). The Environmental Impact of Major Sport Events (Giga, Mega and Major): A Systematic Review from 2000 to 2021. Sustainability, 14(20), 13581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013581
Chambers, S. (2018). Making Referendums Safe for Democracy: A Call for More and Better Deliberation. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12321
Chappelet, J.-L. (2021). Winter Olympic Referendums: Reasons for Opposition to the Games. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 38(13–14), 1369–1384. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2021.1997997
Chi, C. G.-Q., Ouyang, Z., & Xu, X. (2018). Changing perceptions and reasoning process: Comparison of residents’ pre- and post-event attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.010
Code of Good Practice on Referendums, CDL-AD(2022)015. Opinion No. 887/2017 1 (2022).
Couper, M. P. (2017). New Developments in Survey Data Collection. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(Volume 43, 2017), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053613
CSD. (2022, January 1). Encuesta de Hábitos Deportivos en España. https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano/estadisticas/deportes/encuesta-habitos-deportivos-en-espana.html
De Nooij, M. (2014). Mega Sport Events: A Probabilistic Social Cost–Benefit Analysis of Bidding for the Games. Journal of Sports Economics, 15(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512461798
Deccio, C., & Baloğlu, Ş. (2002). Nonhost Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502041001006
Deccio, C., & Baloglu, S. (2002). Nonhost Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502041001006
Dionísio, P., Brochado, A., Leal, C., & Bouchet, A. (2021). Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Hosting Large-scale Sports Events. Event Management. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599521x16192004803548
Dowse, S., & Fletcher, T. (2018). Sport mega-events, the ‘non-West’ and the ethics of event hosting. Sport in Society, 21(5), 745–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2018.1401359
Elisabeth, F., Martin, S., Janette, W., & Gottfried, T. (2022). Olympic Games Reloaded: Can the Olympic Agenda 2020 push residents’ support for the mega-event? EUROPEAN SPORT MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2099924
Font, J., & Navarro, C. (2013). Personal Experience and the Evaluation of Participatory Instruments in Spanish Cities. Public Administration, 91(3), 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02106.x
Fredline, L. (2004). Host Community Reactions to Motorsport Events: The Perception of Impact on Quality of Life. In Chapter 8. Host Community Reactions to Motorsport Events: The Perception of Impact on Quality of Life (pp. 155–173). Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781873150672-010
Gamonales, J. M., León, K., Moñino, J. F., Mancha Triguero, D., & Muñoz Jiménez, J. (2022). Eventos deportivos inclusi-vos en edad escolar, adultos y mayores: Revisión sistemática. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 45, 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.93533
Gauthier, R. (2011). Improving the Bidding Process for International Sporting Events (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 1856666). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1856666
Generalitat de Catalunya. (2022, April 4). DECRET 62/2022, de 4 d’abril, pel qual s’aprova la iniciativa institucional per convo-car una consulta popular no referendària, per sotmetre a la consideració de la ciutadania de les comarques del Berguedà, el Ripollès i el Solsonès la possibilitat d’involucrar-se en el projecte vinculat als Jocs Olímpics i Paralímpics d’Hivern 2030. Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya. http://dogc.gencat.cat/ca/document-del-dogc/
Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G., & Hobbs, D. (2015). Sport Mega-Events and Public Opposition: A Sociological Study of the London 2012 Olympics. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(2), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723514530565
Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G., & Dyer, P. (2010). Locals’ Attitudes toward Mass and Alternative Tourism: The Case of Sunshine Coast, Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509346853
Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events: Modeling Locals’ Support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.01.005
Hayduk, T. (2019). Leveraging sport mega events for international entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Mana-gement Journal, 15(3), 857–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00573-w
Hiller, H. H. (2021). The Calgary 2026 Olympic Bid Plebiscite as Affective Urbanism. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 45(6), 487–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520964971
Hobolt, S. B. (2006). Direct democracy and European integration. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500380825
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social Behavior as Exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1086/222355
Horne, J. (2018). Understanding the denial of abuses of human rights connected to sports mega-events*. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1324512
Huang, H., Min, S. D., Wang, T. R., & Mao, L. L. (2016). Social exchange process in collectivistic countries: An examina-tion of sporting events in China. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(2), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1135974
Jie, D. (2012). Existing Mainly Problems,Reasons and Countermeasures About China Host Mega Sport Events. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Existing-Mainly-Problems%2CReasons-and-About-China-Jie/389938736156174b876a317436eb7ab79bcc0492
Jilka, M. (2019). Application of the Double Diamond framework to prepare the communication strategy of a great sports event. Studia Sportiva. https://doi.org/10.5817/STS2019-1-10
Johnston, M., Naylor, M., Dickson, G., Hedlund, D., & Kellison, T. (2021). Determinants of support and participation in a major sport event referendum. Sport Management Review, 24(1), 134–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.001
Keskin, M. T., Ulusay, N., Özer, Ş. C., & Ulusay, M. (2024). Evaluating scientific publications in the field of sports mana-gement: A bibliometric study based on the Web of Science database. Retos, 60, 140–155. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.102868
Kim, M., Park, S., & Kim, S. (2021). The perceived impact of hosting mega-sports events in a developing region: The case of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(20), 2843–2848. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1850652
Könecke, T., Schubert, M., & Preuß, H. (2016). (N)Olympia in Germany? An analysis of the referendum against Munich 2022. Sportwissenschaft, 46(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-015-0384-x
Lauermann, J. (2019). The Urban Politics of Mega-Events: Grand Promises Meet Local Resistance. Environment and Society, 10(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2019.100104
LeDuc, L. (2015). Referendums and deliberative democracy. Electoral Studies: An International Journal, 38, 139–148.
Liu, D., Hautbois, C., & Desbordes, M. (2017). The expected social impact of the Winter Olympic Games and the attitudes of non-host residents toward bidding: The Beijing 2022 bid case study. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Spon-sorship, 18(4), 330–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-2017-099
Ma, S.-C., Ma, S., Wu, J.-H., & Rotherham, I. (2013). Host residents’ perception changes on major sport events. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13, 511–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.838980
Ma, S.-C., & Rotherham, I. (2016). Residents’ changed perceptions of sport event impacts: The case of the 2012 Tour de Taiwan. Leisure Studies, 35, 616–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1035313
Martínez, J. M. G., Martín, J. M. M., Rey, M. S. O., & Soriano, D. E. R. (2021). Entrepreneurs’ perceptions of official sporting events’ capacity to promote their business in the long term. Sport in Society, 25, 1584–1602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1932818
McCartney, G., Thomas, S., Thomson, H., Scott, J., Hamilton, V., Hanlon, P., Morrison, D., & Bond, L. (2010). The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: Systematic review (1978-2008). The BMJ, 340. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2369
McGillivray, D., Edwards, M. B., Brittain, I., Bocarro, J., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2019). A conceptual model and research agenda for bidding, planning and delivering Major sport events that lever human rights. Leisure Studies, 38(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1556724
Mitchell, H., & Stewart, M. F. (2015). What should you pay to host a party? An economic analysis of hosting sports mega-events. Applied Economics, 47(15), 1550–1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.1000522
Nunkoo, R., Ribeiro, M. A., Sunnassee, V., & Gursoy, D. (2018). Public trust in mega event planning institutions: The role of knowledge, transparency and corruption. Tourism Management, 66, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.010
Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D., & Chen, K.-C. (2019). It’s all about life: Exploring the role of residents’ quality of life perceptions on attitudes toward a recurring hallmark event over time. Tourism Management, 75, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.032
Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D., & Sharma, B. (2017). Role of trust, emotions and event attachment on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Tourism Management, 63, 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.026
Perić, M. (2018). Estimating the Perceived Socio-Economic Impacts of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Tourism Events. Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI7100176
Popelářová, S., & Janiga, M. (2012). Winter Olympic Games as environmental problem. Oecologia Montana, 17, 34–40.
Preuss, H., Königstorfer, J., & Dannewald, T. (2020). Contingent Valuation Measurement for Staging the Olympic Games: The Failed Bid to Host the 2018 Winter Games in Munich. In S. Roth, C. Horbel, & B. Popp (Eds.), Perspektiven des Di-enstleistungsmanagements: Aus Sicht von Forschung und Praxis (pp. 461–478). Springer Fachmedien. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28672-9_23
Qvortrup, M. (2005). A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People, Second Edition. Manchester University Press.
Schnitzer, M., Winner, H., & Tappeiner, G. (2021). Overtourism and support for sports mega events. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103065
Setälä, M. (1999). Referendums and Democratic Government: Normative Theory and the Analysis of Institutions. Macmillan Press.
Setälä, M. (2011). The Role of Deliberative Mini-Publics in Representative Democracy: Lessons from the Experience of Referendums. Representation, 47(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.581080
Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter, J., & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring Residents’ Perceptions of the Social Impacts of Tourism on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 9(3), 288–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480802096092
Silagadze, N., & Gherghina, S. (2018). When who and how matter: Explaining the success of referendums in Europe. Com-parative European Politics, 16(5), 905–922. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-017-0107-9
Solberg, H., & Preuss, H. (2007). Major Sport Events and Long-Term Tourism Impacts. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.21.2.213
Streicher, T., Schmidt, S. L., & Schreyer, D. (2019). Referenda on Hosting the Olympics: What Drives Voter Turnout? Journal of Sports Economics, 20(5), 627–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002518794777
Stylidis, D. (2016). The Role of Place Image Dimensions in Residents’ Support for Tourism Development. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2039
Tomino, A. C., Perić, M., & Wise, N. (2020). Assessing and Considering the Wider Impacts of Sport-Tourism Events: A Research Agenda Review of Sustainability and Strategic Planning Elements. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114473
Topaloff, L. (2017). The Rise of Referendums: Elite Strategy or Populist Weapon? Journal of Democracy, 28(3), 127–140.
Vegara-Ferri, J. M., López-Gullón, J. M., Ibáñez-Pérez, R., Carboneros, M., & Angosto, S. (2020). Segmenting the Older Resident’s Perception of a Major Cycling Event. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104010
Walzel, S., & Eickhoff, M. (2023). The social value of co-hosting: Rethinking the management of sports events. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(5), 1351–1369. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.2010784
Wilson, J. K., Lobmayr, B., & Pomfret, R. (2009). Bidding for Sport Mega-Events (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 1566283). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1566283
Wood, J., & Meng, S. (2020). The economic impacts of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Tourism Economics, 27, 1303–1322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620921577
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
