Rapidez na tomada de decisões como elemento chave para o desempenho dos jogadores de futebol profissionais e pedreira
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100355Palavras-chave:
futebol, leitura de jogo, habilidades perceptivo-cognitivas, habilidades perceptivo-motoras, tempo de resposta, desenvolvimento de talentoResumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi: i) comparar o número de decisões tomadas em jogos oficiais entre jovens jogadores e profissionais e ii) comparar a qualidade e rapidez da tomada de decisão entre jovens jogadores e profissionais. No experimento 1 avaliamos 12 jogos de futebol (7 profissionais e 5 do time juvenil) através de análise notacional. No experimento 2 avaliamos 138 jogadores de futebol de nível profissional (n = 42) e jogadores das categorias de base (n = 96). O TacticUP® foi utilizado para avaliar habilidades de leitura de jogos e tomada de decisão. Os resultados indicaram que os jogadores profissionais tomam cerca de 56% mais decisões do que os jovens em jogos oficiais dos seus respectivos torneios. Além disso, os jogadores profissionais são mais rápidos na tomada de decisões em todas as situações do jogo: com bola (fase ofensiva), sem bola (fases ofensiva e defensiva), perto e longe da bola. A partir dos resultados verificamos que tanto em situações in situ (jogo oficial) como in vitro (teste controlado), a rapidez na tomada de decisões foi uma característica distintiva do desempenho entre jogadores profissionais e jovens.
Palavras-chave: futebol; leitura de jogos; habilidades perceptivo-cognitivas; habilidades perceptivo-motoras; tempo de resposta; desenvolvimento de talento.
Referências
Altmann, S., Neumann, R., Härtel, S., Kurz, G., Stein, T., & Woll, A. (2021). Agility testing in amateur soccer: A pilot study of selected physical and perceptual-cognitive contributions. PLoS ONE, 16(6 June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253819
Andrade, M., González-Víllora, S., Casanova, F., & Teoldo, I. (2020). The attention as a key element to improve tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 29(2), 47–55.
Assis, J., Costa, V., Casanova, F., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Visual search strategy and anticipation in tactical be-havior of young soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football, 5(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1823462
Assis, J., González-Víllora, S., Clemente, F., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Do youth soccer players with different tactical behaviour also perform differently in decision-making and visual search strategies? International Journal of Perfor-mance Analysis in Sport, 20(6), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1838784
Barcellos, A., Teoldo, I., & Machado, G. (2022). The influence of 25 training sessions on the decision-making skill of U-12 soccer players. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 38, e38211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38211.en
Belling, P. K., Suss, J., & Ward, P. (2015). Advancing theory and application of cognitive research in sport: Using repre-sentative tasks to explain and predict skilled anticipation, decision-making, and option-generation behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16(P1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.001
Bruce, L., Farrow, D., Raynor, A., & Mann, D. (2012). But I can’t pass that far! The influence of motor skill on decision making. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.005
Buekers, M., Borry, P., & Rowe, P. (2015). Talent in sports. Some reflections about the search for future champions. Movement and Sports Sciences - Science et Motricite, 12(88), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2014002
Canton, A., Torrents, C., Ric, A., & Hristovski, R. (2022). Desarrollo y evaluación de la creatividad motriz en el fútbol: estado de la cuestión. Retos, 13(1), 93–103.Cardoso, F., García-Calvo, T., Patrick, T., Afonso, J., & Teoldo, I. (2021). How Does Cognitive Effort Influence the Tactical Behavior of Soccer Players? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(2), 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512521991405
Cardoso, F., Neves, J., Roca, A., & Teoldo, I. (2020). The association between perceptual-cognitive processes and response time in decision-making in young soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(8), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1851901
Casanova, F., Esteves, P. T., Padilha, M. B., Ribeiro, J., Williams, A. M., & and Garganta, J. (2022). The Effects of Physi-ological Demands on Visual Search Behaviours During 2 vs. 1 + GK Game Situations in Football: An in-situ Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13: 885765. https://doi.org/doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885765.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. Psychology Press.
Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
Fortes, L. S., De Lima-Junior, D., Fiorese, L., Nascimento-Júnior, J. R. A., Mortatti, A. L., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2020). The effect of smartphones and playing video games on decision-making in soccer players: A crossover and randomised study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(5), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1715181
Fritz, C., Morris, P., & Richler, J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024338
García-Calvo, T., Pulido, J. J., Ponce-Bordón, J. C., López-Gajardo, M. Á., Costa, I. T., & Díaz-García, J. (2021). Can rules in technical-tactical decisions influence on physical and mental load during soccer training? A pilot study. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084313
Garganta, J. (1997). Modelação táctica do jogo de futebol - estudo da organização da fase ofensiva em equipas de alto ren-dimento [Universidade do Porto]. In Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física.
Gonçalves, E., Noce, F., Barbosa, M. A. M., Figueiredo, A. J., Hackfort, D., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Correlation of the pe-ripheral perception with the maturation and the effect of the peripheral perception on the tactical behaviour of soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1329222
Gonçalves, E., Noce, F., Barbosa, M. A. M., Figueiredo, A. J., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Maturation, signal detection, and tacti-cal behavior of young soccer players in the game context. Science and Medicine in Football, 5(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1851043
Gonzaga, A. S., Albuquerque, M. R., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Greco, P. J., & Teoldo, I. (2014). Affective decision-making and tactical behavior of under-15 soccer players. Plos One, 9(6), e101231. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101231
González-Víllora, S., Serra-Olivares, J., Pastor-Vicedo, J., & Teoldo, I. (2015). Review of the tactical evaluation tools for youth players, assessing the tactics in team sports: football. Springerplus, 4(663), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1462-0
Hogarth, L. W., Burkett, B. J., & McKean, M. R. (2015). Neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue responses to consecutive tag football matches. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(5), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0355
Kunrath, C. A., Nakamura, F. Y., Roca, A., Tessitore, A., & Teoldo, I. (2020). How does mental fatigue affect soccer performance during small-sided games? A cognitive, tactical and physical approach. Journal of Sport Science, 38(15), 1818–1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1756681
Machado, G., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2017). Visual search strategy of soccer players according to different age groups. Motriz, 23(3), e101748. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201700030022
Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., Sarmento, H., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Development of tactical decision-making skills in youth soccer players: Macro- and microstructure of soccer developmental activities as a discriminant of different skill levels. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(6), 1072–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368
Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2022). Contribution of deliberate practice, play, and futsal to the acquisition of decision-making skills in Brazilian professional female soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2161101
Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2023a). Selected soccer players are quicker and better decision-makers in elite Brazilian youth academies. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 23(2), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2023.2181609
Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2023b). The relationship between deliberate practice, play, and futsal in childhood and adolescence and the development of different decision-making skills in professional female soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102470
Machado, G., & Teoldo, I. (2020). TacticUP Video Test for soccer: Development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1690), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01690
Macmahon, C., & Mcpherson, S. U. E. L. (2009). Knowledge base as a mechanism for perceptual- cognitive tasks: Skill is in the details! International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40(4), 565–579. Williams, A. M., Ford, P. R., & Drust, B. (2020). Talent identification and development in soccer since the millennium. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02640414.2020.1766647
Mann, D. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
Moniz, F., Clemente, F. M., Praca, G. M., & Costa, I. T. (2021). Effect of outside floaters on soccer players tactical behaviour in small-sided conditioned games. Retos, 42, 767–773. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.86346
Roca, A., & Ford, P. R. (2020). Decision-making practice during coaching sessions in elite youth football across European countries. Science and Medicine in Football, 4(4), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1755051
Roca, A., Ford, P. R., McRobert, A. P., & Williams, A. M. (2011). Identifying the processes underpinning anticipation and decision-making in a dynamic time-constrained task. Cognitive Processing, 12, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0392-1
Roca, A., Ford, P. R., & Memmert, D. (2020). Perceptual-cognitive processes underlying creative expert performance in soccer. Psychological Research, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01320-5
Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2012). Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision-making in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.701761
Silva, A. F., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Sarmento, H., Afonso, J., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Effects of training programs on decision-making in youth team sports players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(May), 663867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663867
Serra-Olivares, J., Prieto-Ayuso, A., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., & González-Víllora, S. (2020). Propuesta de evaluación multidisciplinar del talento de jóvenes futbolistas. Retos, 38, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.73118Silva, D., Lopes, M., González-Víllora, S., Sarmento, H., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Tactical behaviour differences of high and low-performing youth soccer players in small-sided and conditioned games. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 21(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1843214
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Harper e Row.
Teoldo, I., Guilherme, J., & Garganta, J. (2022). Football Intelligence: Training and Tactics for Soccer Success. Routledge.
Thomas, K. T., & Thomas, J. R. (1994). Developing expertise in sport: The relation of knowledge and performance. Inter-national Journal of Sport Psychology, 25(3), 295–312. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232444616
Thompson, C. J., Smith, A., Coutts, A. J., Skorski, S., Datson, N., Smith, M. R., & Meyer, T. (2021). Understanding the Presence of Mental Fatigue in Elite Female Football. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1873224
Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., Mazyn, L., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). The effects of task constraints on visual search behavior and decision-making skill in youth soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.2.147
Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). Mechanisms underpinning successful decision-making in skilled youth soccer players: An analysis of visual search behaviors. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(5), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.395-408
Vänttinen, T., Blomqvist, M., & Häkkinen, K. (2010). Development of body composition, hormone profile, physical fit-ness, general perceptual motor skills, soccer skills and on-the-ball performance in soccerspecific laboratory test among adolescent soccer players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(4), 547–556.
Vickers, J. N. (2016). The Quiet Eye : Reply to sixteen commentaries. Current Issues in Sport Science, 1(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/DOI 10.15203/CISS
Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2017). The role of mental processes in elite sports performance. Oxford Research Encyclo-pedia of Psychology, 1, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.161
Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93
Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2007). Anticipation and Decision-making in Sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 203–223). John Wiley & Sons.
Williams, A. Mark, Ford, P. R., & Drust, B. (2020). Talent identification and development in soccer since the millennium. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1766647
Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2021). Anticipation and decision-making in sport exploring new horizons. Visual Perception and Action in Sport, 113–160. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203979952-10
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2023 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
